Notes. Chapt. 1-2; Physical Geology
Terms
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- Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
- Inner planets (Rock Planets)
- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
- Outer Planets (Gas Balls)
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* Blue Marble
* Volcanism-Outgassing
* Mild Greenhouse
* Hydrosphere of liquid water and vapor - Earth
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* Hot Planet
* Volcanism-Outgassing
* Run-away Greenhouse
* Vaporized Atmosphere - Venus
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* The Dead Planet
* Extinct Volcanoes-No outgassing
* Feeble-Cold Atmosphere
* Polar Icecaps - Mars
- * Cycle of water from the Ocean to the Land and back to the Ocean
- Hydrosphere-Hydrologic System
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* ________ (topography or relief of the ocean floor) from Seismic Profiling
* Developed Post WWII from Submarine Detection Systems - Bathymetry; Major Features of the Ocean Floor
- * Splits in the seafloor marked by volcanic and seismic activity
- Ridges of the Ocean Floor
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* Elongated linear, deep depressions in the ocean floor
* Marked by Volcanism and Seismic Activity
* Oriented parallel and offshore to the Continents - Trenches of the Ocean Floor
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* Plate boundaries are delineated by active ______ and seismic activity
* Coincide with Ridges and Trenches - Volcanism
- Less dense, created at Subduction Zones and never destroyed
- Continental Crust
- More dense, Generated at the ridge and subducted (destroyed) at the Trench
- Oceanic crust
- Where plates move apart from one another
- Divergent Plate Boundary
- Convection Cells within the ______ cause divergence and oceanic crust formation at the Ridge
- Plate Tectonics Mechanism; Asthnosphere
- * _____ are Naturally Occurring and are cytalline. ______ are neutral with specific atomic structures. _______ are neutral and represent compounds
- Minerals
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Are the smallest identifiable unit of Matter
and are composed of protons (+) & neutrons contained in a nucleus, and electrons (-)
Are classified according to their atomic number which equals the number of protons in its nucleus - Atoms
- (atoms with an electrical charge) are denoted by ionic charge
- Ions
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* Opposite charges attract and form ionic bonds
– Example: Salt Na+ + Cl- NaCl (Neutral) - Atomic bonding
- No matter how large or small the crystal, the crystal faces always meet at the same angle
- Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles
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Measures the angles between the crystal faces to Identify the atomic structure
Helps determine the structure of the mineral - X-Ray Diffraction
- Crystal Form or Shape
- Physical Properties of Minerals
- What property does this mineral fall under? Halite (salt)
- Taste
- Sulphur, clay
- Smell
- What property does this fall under? Talc (greasy feel)
- Touch or feel
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Least diagnostic test, minerals have many colors within same species
– Exception: 24K Gold streak is yellow. Pyrite streak (fools gold) is black - Color
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weight or mass/volume
– a 1 carat diamond is .1 grams and a 1 carat topaz is .1 grams
– the diamond is of higher density than topaz
– which mineral is bigger in volume? Topaz - Density
- Ability of the Mineral to reflect light (Metallic or Nonmetallic Luster)
- Luster
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Color of the powdered form of the Mineral
– 24K Gold streak is yellow,
– Pyrite streak is grey-black - Streak
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Minerals’ resistance to abrasion
* Measured on Mohs Hardness Scale
* Scale is exponential
– an increase of 1 on the scale signifies a 10 fold increase in hardness
* Emerald (Hardness 9) on Calcite (Hardness of 3) - Hardness
- ability of the Mineral to break along smooth flat planes
- Cleavage
- When the Mineral breaks along uneven surfaces
- Fracture
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* ________ (SiO2) compose more than 95% of the Earth’s Crust
- Oxygen is 50% of Earth's crust
- Silica is 25% of Earth's crust - Silicates
- Pyrite, Hematite, Magnetite, Galena
- Ore Minerals
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- Halite (NaCl)
– Gypsum CaSO4 - Evaporitic Minerals
- Calcite CaCO3
- Carbonate Minerals
- What type of rock is this? Form by the solidification of magma or lava (molten rock material and gas)
- Igneous Rocks
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- Building Materials
o Ores
o Distribution: Canadian Shield
o Rocky Mtns
o Appalachian Mtns
o Central Texas
o Compose ~ 15% of Basement Rock - Importance of Igneous Rocks
- >50% SiO2 , Sluggish, High Viscosity (resistance to flow), Does not easily degas, explosive type of eruptions. Examples: Convergent Plate Boundaries associated with Continental Crust Formation
- Silicic Magma/Lava
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<50% SiO2 , Very Fluid, Low Viscosity (resistance to flow), Readily degasses, nonexplosive or quiet type of eruptions
o Examples: Divergent Plate Boundaries associated with Oceanic Crust - Mafic Magma/Lava
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When Solidified, Magma Chamber becomes a ______
composed of Granite and/or Diorite - Batholith
- What type of volcano is this? Form by alternating eruptions of pyroclastic material (ash) and thick lava flows
- Stratovolcanoes
- o _______ Formation from collapsed craters
- Caldera; Products of silic eruptions
- What type of Rock is this? ________ are generated at Ridges (Divergent Plate Boundaries). ______ are also Generated within the Oceanic Crust.
- Generation of Mafic (Basaltic) Rocks
- What type of volcano is this? Due to extensive outpouring of mafic lava with little pyroclastic material
- Shield Volcanoes
- What texture is this? Extrusive, Continental Rocks, Volcanic eruptions are...
- Pyroclastic Texture
- SiO2 & Gas (Bombs)
- Pumice
- SiO2 & Rock Frags
- Ash
- Large Rock Frags
- Tuff
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What is texture of Obsidian? Extrusive,Cont/Oceanic Rocks
o Obsidian: SiO2 - Glassy Texture
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Form through the Lithification of Sediments
⬢ Rock Fragments
⬢ Chemical Precipitates
⬢ Organic Material
* Well Stratified (Layered) - Sedimentary Rocks
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⬢ Weathering
⬢ Erosion
⬢ Transportation (wind, water)
⬢ Deposition
⬢ Burial
⬢ Compaction & Cementation - Lithification
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Most studied rocks
- Cover 75% of the Continental Crust
- Contain Fossils
- Contain fossil fulels: Oil, Gas & Coal
- Used as building materials: Stone, cement
- Source of minerals: Copper, Gold, Silver, Diamonds, Uranium - Importance of Sedimentary Rocks
- Conglomorate, Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale (see notes)
- Clastic Texture Sedimentary Rocks Composed of Rock Fragments
- Carbonate, Evaporate, Biogenic (see notes)
- Non Clastic Texture Sedimentary Rocks Composed of Chem Precips & Organics
- Layered Configuration due to Deposition of Sediments by Water and Wind
- Stratification
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Are inclined Structures within the Formation due to Dune Formation
⬢ Occurs in Sandstones
⬢ Defines Paleocurrent Direction - Cross-Beds
- Retreat of the Shoreline (land advancing seaward due to deposition and/or lowering of sealevel) EOD: Fluvial/Nonmarine
- Regressions
- Advance of the Shoreline (sea advancing over the land due to erosion and/or a rise in sealevel) EOD: Marine
- Transgression
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* Units grouped into Formations
* Formations usually represent Transgressions and Regressions of the Sea - Stratigraphic Sequences
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• Building Materials
• Ores
• Distribution:
– Canadian Shield
– Rocky Mtns
– Appalachian Mtns
– Central Texas
• Compose ~ 85% of Basement Rock - Importance of Metamorphic Rocks
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⬢ Rocks that have been _______ deformed by heat, pressure, and chemical activity. the process is plastic deformation. The process agents are heat, pressure and chemical activity
⬢ Plastic Deformation occurs in a solid-state, i.e., if the rock is - Plastically
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⬢ Minerals become Recrystallized
⬢ Crystals become larger
⬢ Rock becomes more Compact and Harder
⬢ Rock changes in Texture - Changes in Metamorphic Rocks
- Metamorphic rocks are primarily formed at ________ Plate Boundaries where there is ample heat and pressure to deform the rocks.
- Convergent
- What texture is this metamorphic Rock? Planar (layered) appearance in the rock
- Foliated Texture
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Slate, Schist, Gneiss
(see notes) - Foliated Texture: Metamorphic Rocks
- What type of texture is this metamorphic rock? Massive appearing rocks without any apparent structure
- Nonfoliated
- Metaconglomerate, Quartzite, Marble (see notes)
- Nonfoliated Texture: Metamorphic Rocks
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⬢ Suite of Metamorphic Rocks that occur in a definite and recognizable order
⬢ Reflect differences in Metamorphic Grade across a region - Metamorphic Zones
- Central Texas
- Contact Metamorphic Zone
- 97.5%
- Ocean as Salt (NaCI) water
- 2.5%
- Land as Freshwater
- _____% of the freshwater is Ice (Glacial systems)
- 80%
- Solid Fe & Ni (Iron & Nickel)
- Inner Core
- What part of the earth does this contain? Liquid Fe & Ni (Iron & Nickel)
- Outer Core
- Thick (SiO2) Quartz & "Heavies"
- Mantle
- Plastic Sio2 (quartz)& "Heavies"
- Asthenosphere
- Solid Sio2 & "Heavies"
- Lithosphere
- Graphite (C) & Diamond (C)
- Inorganic solids
- Are minerals that share the same chemical composition but have different internal structures
- Polymorphs
- North American Plate vs Juan de Fuca Plate
- Mt. St. Helen's
- South American Plate vs. Nazca Plate
- Andes Mountains
- Pacific Plate called ______ due to Subduction
- The Ring of Fire
- Australian-Indian Plate vs. Eurasian Plate
- Himalayas
- Antartic plate ringed with _________
- Oceanic ridges
- Solid Fe & Ni
- Inner Core
- Liquid Fe & Ni
- Outer Core
- Thick SIO2 (quartz) & Heavies
- Mantle
- Plastic SIO2 & Heavies
- Asthenosphere
- Solid SIO2 (Quartz)& Heavies
- Lithosphere
- Plates move toward one another
- Convergent Plate Boundaries
- Is the main building block of silicates. Examples: Quartz, Feldspars, Micas, Talc, Ruby, Sapphire
- Silica Oxygen tetrahedron
- Talc; Hardness?
- Hardness: 1
- Gypsum; Hardness
- Hardness: 2
- Calcite; Hardness
- Hardness: 3
- Fluorite; Mohs Hardness
- Hardness: 4
- Apatite; Hardness
- Hardness: 5
- K-Feldspar; Hardness
- Hardness: 6
- Quartz, Hardness
- Hardness: 7
- Topaz; Hardness
- Hardness: 8
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Corundum; Harness
(Sapphire, elmerald, Ruby) - Hardness; 9
- Diamond; Hardness
- Hardness; 10
- What type of rock is this? _________ are generated within subduction zones as Convergent plate boundaries as Magma Chambers. They process via magmatic differentiation (selective enrichment of the magma by SIO2)
- Silic Rocks
- _______ has one proton in a central nucleus and one orbiting electron
- Hydrogen
- ________ has two protons, two neutrons in the nucleus and two orbiting electrons
- Helium
- Selective enrichment of the magma by SIO2. It includes fractional crystalization, magma mixing, and assimilation
- Magmatic differentiation
- What comprises (85%)majority of basement rock?
- Metamorphic Rock
- What comprises (75%)majority of basement rock?
- Sedimentary rock
- What comprises (15%)majority of basement rock?
- Igneous Rock
- Where are Metamorphic Rocks generated?
- Convergent Plate boundaries
- Other bonding: Metallic
- Between ore mineral
- Other bonding: Covalent
- Between gases
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- Silic
- Continental crust - 29%
- Explosive
- Granite
- Diorite
- Ryolite
- Andesite - Convergent
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- Mafic
- Oceanic Crust -71%
- Non-explosive
- Basalt
- Gabbro - Divergent
- Crystalization of molten material liquid to a solid
- Solidification
- Composed of liquids and gases on bottom
- Magma
- What drives the interior of the earth?
- Radioactivity
- Distribution of biodiversity is greater along the _____
- Equator
- Greatest diveristy of ocean
- Higher latitude
- What we breath
- Oxygen
- Oxygen comes from plants and _____
- Photosynthesis
- When magma chamber solidifies it is called a _______
- Batholith
- Where do dunes form?
- Sandstones
- Upward fining Sequence of rocks
- Graded bedding
- An element that has the same atomic number, but different atomic weights is an...
- Isotope
- The atomic number of an atom is the number of
- Protons in the neucleus
- Where are Igneous rocks found?
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- Canadian shield
- Central Texas