Blueprints Of Life
Full Summary For Blue Prints Of Life combined with Jacaranda, Excel and Macquarie guides. Ideal for last minute cram.
Terms
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- Alternative forms of the same gene
- Allele
- pg 176jac
- The genetic Lottery
- exc45
- Art. pollination
- The building blocks of living organisms. They consists of chains of amini acids
- Proteins
- mac.pg 34
- Sec. sources - Showing how an env. change can lead to changes in a species
- Jacaranda.pg 127 figure 4.12
- How natural selection works? [ Diagram]
- pg37excel
- The relationship between the structure and behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis and the inheirtence of genes
- pg jac227
- No sex at all! cloning
- pg34excel
- The relationship between dominant and recessive alleles and phenotypes
- Genes. Alleles
- What do we call Mendel's factors? What do we call the alternative forms?
- Fundamental Genetic material of all living things
- DNA
- Chemical basis of heredity
- What does the 'blueprint of life' refer to?
- exc46
- Cloning an animal from a cell taken from the adult
- pg 155-6 jac
- Mendel's model in action
- exc48
- The potential impact pf the use of rep. tech. on genetic diversity of species
- Breaks DNA molecules into smaller pieces
- Restriction Enzymes
- pg 169jac
- Hybridisation
- pg39excel
- Homozygous and heterozygous genotypes and the resulting phenotype in examples of co-dominance
- macpg45-6 2.2.4
- Genes and alleles
- Only one trait is studied
- Monohybrid cross
- pfg 49 mac + excel 36
- The work of Sutton and Boveri
- pg 160 jac
- Relationshop bet. alleles
- 153 jac
- Why Mendel did it?
- excel 45
- Current reprod. and gen...
- Pg 38. MAc
- Analyse how advances in technologt have changed scientific thinking abt evolutionary relationships
- occurs when one inherited variety in a population is more successful in prdcing viable offspring than other varieties.
- Differential reproduction
- pg 163jac
- Co-dominance
- mac.pg 33
- How does the peppered moth model natural selection?
- Refers to any environmental agent that acts on a population and results in differential reproduction by the various inherited varieties present in population.
- Natural Selection
- pg jac230
- Direct gene transfer between species
- macpg51
- What does Meiosis prdce?
- pg 178jac + see diagram on following page
- Boveri and sea urchin
- pg 166jac
- A surprise for Mndel
- pg 160 jac
- Genotypes and phenotypes
- A characteristic that increases the chances of survival and reproduction of an organism
- Adaptation
- pg jac225
- Artificial pollination in plants
- chromosome
- Where are mendel's factors [genes] located?
- That discrete units are inherited from each parent and explained why some features seemed to jump generations and reappear in a later generation
- What hypothesis of inheritence did Mendel propose
- pg 158 jac
- Responses to Mendel's results
- MAcpg66
- sEC SOURCE: desc a methadology used in cloning
- Give birth to partly developed embryos that move into a pouch to complete development
- Marsupial mammals
- He proved previos belief wrng [ see mg mac 42] and that for each trait, one factor was dominant; the factor for tall was dominant over the factor for short,
- What did Mendel suggest from his exp?
- Pg35Excel
- Pedigree tables
- mac. pg 39
- What does theory of evolution by natural selection + isolation include
- macpg47
- Pedigrees
- pg38excel 2.14
- Diagram - crossing over
- Swapping of sections of chromatids during the first stage of meiosis
- Crossing over
- pg jac231
- key to transgenic organisms
- pg191jac
- x-linked genes: in humans and other mammals
- pg37excel 2.13
- Diagram - Possible combinations in Gametes
- Process by which changes occur in populations of organisms over time.
- Evolution
- pg55mac
- Homozygous and heterozygous genotypes in co-dominance
- Mac.pg 32-excel pg 32
- First Hand Invest. Model natural Selection
- Similar structures,with diff. functions, that have been derived from a common ancestor.
- Homologuous Structures
- pg34excel
- Alleles
- mac.pg33
- Changes in chemical conditions in the env.
- pg 180jac
- The contribution of Sutton
- Under constant env.rnmtal conditions.
- Under what conditions would the population of organisms remain unchanged?
- See mac pg 43
- What did Mendel conclude from his experiment?
- exc45
- Current repro. tech. and how they alter the gentic composition of a population
- [First Filial] F1 generation- This is the generation of offspring prdced.
- F1 Generation
- Mendel used the garden pea plant, pitsum sativum, in a series of experiments to investigate inheritence of characteristics
- What did mendel use in his experiment?
- They made observations of divergence [ closely related org. that have very diff. features] and convergence[Distantly related organisms that have very similar features.]
- Using the theories , what kind of observations did darwin and wallace make?
- exc45
- cloning
- Strand of a duplicated chromosome joined to the other chromatid by a centromere
- Chromatid
- Greger mendel
- Who discovered the actual patterns of inheritence?
- A protein that transport oxygen in the blood
- Haemoglobin
- Are the ones that give greater chance of survival and reproduction
- what are the traits favoured by natural selection?
- pg 33 excel
- Genes
- MAcpg69
- Sec. info. Use of trangenic species
- pg39excel
- Ways in which envr. can affect the expression of a gene in an individial
- pg 158 jac
- Mendel's overall results
- All the genes in a population
- Gene Pool
- He identified seven easily distinguishable characteristics, or traits that had alternative forms,which mendel thought were controlled by factors.[known as genes]see macpg42
- What did mendel observe in his experiment?
- Macpg45
- When is the test cross used?
- Successful reproduction; this means not all members of a population reproduce.compet. + envmntl pressures mean that individuals with inheritable traits or adaptations that are best suited to the env. will be more likely to survive and reproduce, passing these charact. onto offsprings
- What does the survival of a species depend on?
- pg34excel
- Homozygous + Heterozygous
- Group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
- Species
- MAcpg66
- The impact of reproductive technlogies and genetic engineering
- Charles Darwin + Alfred Russel Wallace 1958
- Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection
- 2.3.4a pg 51 mac
- Diagram for Meiosis
- Mixing of DNA from two species to form a hybrid molecule that has one strand from each species.
- DNA DNA hybridisation
- pg53mac
- Construct a model to demonstrate meiosis...
- 129-136 - Jac.
- Evidence for evolution theory
- When members of a population may be uniform and show no variations in regard to a trait.
- Monomorphic
- seepg54mac + do questions and answers
- Sex linkage and co-dominance
- A five-digit limb, such as a hand or a wing
- Pentadactyl limb
- exc46
- The processes used to prdce transgenic speices and reasons for its use
- -Physical Agents 2. Biologica; Agents 3.Chemical agents
- What are agents of natural selection
- Pg 37. Mac
- Observe, analyse and compare the structure of a range of verterbrae forelimbs
- pg jac237
- Loss of genetic variations
- macpg.34-answer questions
- Paleontology,Biogeography, Comp.emb, com. anatomy,Biochemistry
- Unborn offspring in the early stages of development
- Embryos
- Revealing more detailed info. abt the biochemistry of organisms , prvding stronger evidence of the evol. relationsops between organisms
- What are the advantage of the advances in technology?
- pg jac224
- What sex do you want?
- Population of one species living in different places and under different conditions could evolve over time in diff. directions
- What was the darwin-wallace theory of evolution?
- pg 177jac
- Cytologist at work
- Are only expressed in the phenotype if no dominant allele is present
- Recessive Alleles
- A molecule formed from a nitrogen base , a sugar and a phosphate unit
- Nucleotide
- pg 189jac
- Sex Linkage
- pg52 mac
- How does the structure of the chromosome during meiosis relate to the normal inheritance of genes?
- Mac.pg43
- Why was Mendel;s results successful and reliable?
- Natural selection
- What is the cause of evolution?
- mac.pg33
- Changes in physical conditions in the env.
- exc45
- Artificial insemination
- figure5.3 pg151 jac
- Process of artificial crosses pf pea flowers frm diff. plnts
- pg jac234
- Transgenic organisms
- exc45
- How tech. may alter the genetic comp. of a pop.
- mac.pg 41
- Historical development of evolution
- 1. Physical Conditions 2. Chemical Conditions 3. Competition for resources
- What do changes in environment include that lead to evolution?
- pg37excel 2.12
- Diagram - Events in sexual reproduction
- Prvde evidnece of the existence of organisms from the geological past-directly,for ex. through fossilised bones and leaves , and indirectly , for ex. thru tracks and impressions
- fossils
- pg37excel
- The role of gamete formation and sexual reproduction in variability of offspring
- Give birth to fully developed young. They incl. all mammals other than marsupials and monotremes
- Eutherian Mammals
- Type and arrangement of genes
- Genotype
- pg 193jac
- What are genes made of?
- MAcpg67
- Process used to prduce trangenic species
- see og 43mqac 2.2.3& pg 44
- What did Mendel's work show
- Mac pg 43 table 2.2
- Important Terms to know!
- Vaiation in other traits due to the action of many genes
- Polygenic
- pg 50.
- The chemical nature of chromosome and genes
- Chromosomes in the nucleus are copied[replicated]The copies are called chromatids, are linked by a centromere
- What happens b4 a cell undergoes meiosis
- Mac.pg 38
- Desc. an example of a technological advance that has led to changes in thinking abt evolutionary relationships
- Macpg44
- Punnett Squares
- Gregor Mendel had no knwledge of chromosomes or genes, yet he laid the foundation for the science of genetics.
- What did Gregor mendel provide interms of chromosomes or genes?
- pg jac222
- Artifical insemination in livestock
- Concept that species can change and give rise over time to new forms . It means that past and modern species are related and the different kinds of organism living today are descended from varipus kinds of organism that lived in the geological past.
- Evolution
- Reveals that, over time changes have occurred in the types of organism living on this planet
- What does fossil record reveals
- pg39excel
- The work of Morgan that led to the understanding of sex linkage
- mac.pg 39-40 [ give example]
- Divergent evolution ; convergent ev.
- Evolution of this nature which changes the genetic composition of populations
- Micro-evolution
- pg jac 222
- Down on the farm
- pg 188jac
- Human chromosomes
- jac.pg180
- Inheritence: which part of the nucleus
- 2.2.6macpg49
- How was Mendel's work unrecognised for 34 yrs?
- Expressed if both genes are the recessive form; that is, if no dominant form is present
- Dominant Genes
- pg45
- Solve problems inv. monohybrid crosses using Punnett squares
- The point where two chromatids join
- Centromere
- Use internal metabolic processes to produce heat
- Endotherms
- pg 168jac
- Family pedigrees
- Seeog52mac
- How meiosis work?
- pg 154-5 jac
- Mendel's model of inheritence
- can be sored in the nucleus of a single cell
- Where is the info stored [ the one needed to create a complex organisms]
- pg38excel
- The inheritence of sex linked genes and alleles that exhibit co-dominance
- Inherited variations due to the action of single gene
- Monogenic traits
- pg35excel
- Hybridisation + example
- 1.structural 2. Biochemical 3. Physiological 4. Behavioural 5. Developmental 6. Geographic [ Jac.pg 119]
- Variation present in a popl may be classified into?
- Only expressed if both genes are the recessive forml that is, if no dominant form is present
- Recessive genes
- When members of a population can be organised into a few discrete and non overlapping classes with respect to variation in trait. An example is flower colour in boronia floribunda where three groups are recognised- white, pink and red
- Discontinuous Variation
- seepg53mac
- How does crossing over during meiosis produces variability?
- MAcpg71
- Potential impact of reproduction tech, on gentic diversity
- 1. Paleontology 2. Biogeography 3. Comparitive embryology 4. Comparitive anatomy 4. Comparitive embryology 5. Biochemistry
- What sources provide the support for the theories of evolution
- table2.1pgMac42
- Seven traits studies by Mendel
- Excel 30
- Examples of transitional forms
- Opening for the movement of water across gills
- Gill Slits
- 153 jac
- How mendel did it?
- Pg183.jac
- Chromosomes: gene carriers
- MAcpg66
- cURRENT REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
- pg 181-2jac
- Are chromosomes equivalent
- macpg51
- Describe the two main stages of meiosis
- mac.pg34
- Changes in comp. for resources
- during production of sex cells or gametes
- When does Meiosis occur
- Show 2 or more variations of a trait, the pop. is said to be polymorphic
- Polymorphic
- pg55mac
- Understanding sex linkage
- Through a genetic code
- How is the info. passed on to generations?
- Evolution over geological time produces changes in isolated populations that can result in the appearance of new species and even higher groups such as genera and families.
- Macroevolution
- Members of an interbreeding species living in an area at a specific time
- Population
- pg 164jac
- Outcomes of a cross true-breeding [ diagram]
- One species could change to produce new species
- Transmutation of species
- Part of chromosomes; they are the units of inheritence
- Genes
- seepg53mac
- What are the sources of the variability that occur as a result of sexual reproduction?
- Jac. pg 138-42
- Case study in microevolution
- His work demonstrated that inheritence occurred in a definite pattern, marking the begining of the modern science of genetics
- What did Greger Mendel's work demonstrated?
- Are expressed in the phenotype whether they are heterozygous or homozygous.
- Dominant Alleles
- Action taken by breeders and others in selecting from a population only those members that show specific expression of a parti. trait to be the parent of the next generation
- Artificial Selection
- Suggests that each of the different kinds of fossil organisms from the past and each modern species would have been specially created.
- Special creation of species
- chromosomes with new chromatid parts as a result of crossing over
- Recombinants
- Excel 30
- Area of study supporting theory of evolution
- pg 185jac
- Sources of variability among offsprings
- When members of a pop. vary across a continuum . Example [ Adult height, which forms a normal distribution with fewr people at aither end of the range and most in the middle.
- Continuous variation
- Mendel's laws could be expl. by the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilisation; the chrmsmes prvde the physical exp. of mendels results: seep g mac 49
- What happened after the identification of chromosomes?
- development of one or more new species from an existing species
- Speciation
- Fossils that show charact. that place them between major classification groups
- Transitional form
- pg 161-2jac
- Exmple of comp. dominance + being a carrier
- exc46
- Cloning an animal from an embryo
- When inherited [genetic] variations can exist However not all variation is inherited. Some are inherited whilst others are due to env. factors.
- How must evolutionary change occur in a population?
- Seperated populations identified as distinct subspecies
- Subspecies
- pg 160 jac
- Alleles
- macpg47
- Construct a pedigree. prescribed activiyt
- pg157 jac
- Using Punnett squares
- Theory of evolution which suggests that changes in species occur suddenly followed by long periods of no change
- Punctuated equilibrium
- pg jac233
- cloning transgenic organisms
- macpg44
- Examples of simple dominance in monohybrid crosses