EFB-101 Biology Final Ch 43-53 & Synthesis
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- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 4 levels of vertebrate body organization? What is an example of each?
- 1. Cell (cardiac muscle cell) 2. Tissue (cardiac muscle) 3. Organ (heart) 4. Organ system (circulatory system)
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What does \"tube within a tube\" mean with respect to vertebrate body organization?
- Digestive tract is a tube within the tube of the main vertebrate body.
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 3 germ layers of vertebrates? What are 2 products of each?
- 1. Endoderm (digestive organs, intestines) 2. Mesoderm (skeleton, muscles) 3. Ectoderm (epidermis, nervous system)
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 2 body cavities that comprise the coelom?
- 1. Dorsal body cavity 2. Ventral body cavity
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are 2 contents of the dorsal body cavity?
- 1. Cranium 2. Vertebrae
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION TRUE/FALSE: The diaphragm has 2 cavities and is entirely contained within the ventral body cavity.
- TRUE
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 2 cavities that make up the diaphragm? What are the 2 components of each?
- 1. Thoracic cavity (heart, lungs) 2. Abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION How many different cell types do humans have?
- 210
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION TISSUE
- Group of cells similar in structure and function
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 4 primary tissue groupings?
- 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Nerve
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are 3 basic characteristics of epithelial tissue?
- 1. Derives from various germ layers 2. Provides protective barrier 3. Regenerates quickly
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 3 types of epithelial cells?
- 1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 3 ways epithelial cells can be arranged?
- 1. Simple (one layer thick) 2. Pseudostratified (w/goblet cells) 3. Stratified (several layers thick)
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where are squamous cells typically located?
- Epithelial cells lining the lungs, capillary walls, and blood vessels
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where are cuboidal cells typically located?
- Gland cells lining some glands, kidney tubules, and ovaries
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where are columnar cells typically located?
- Epithelial cells lining the stomach, intestines, and parts of the respiratory tract
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where are pseudostratified columnar cells typically located?
- Gland cells and ciliated epithelial cells lining parts of the respiratory tract
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What germ layer are connective tissues derived from?
- Mesoderm
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 3 types of connective tissue?
- 1. Loose 2. Dense 3. Special
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION FIBROBLAST
- Extracellular matrix generators
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION BLOOD PLASMA is an example of what?
- Fibroblast
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What material do fibroblasts construct a matrix from?
- Collagen
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of loose connective tissue?
- Provides support, insulation, food storage and epithelium nourishment
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where is loose connective tissue typically located?
- Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and fat cells beneath the skin and between organs
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of dense connective tissue?
- Provides flexible and strong connections
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where is dense connective tissue typically located?
- Fibroblasts in tendons, kidneys, liver, dermis of the skin and in sheaths around muscles
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION JELL-O is constructed from what tissue?
- Loose connective tissue
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of adipose tissue?
- Converts fat into usable nutrients that are secreted into the blood
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION ADIPOSE TISSUE is an example of what?
- Loose connective tissue
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Relative to loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue contains less of what, and more of what?
- Less ground tissue, more collagen fibers
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 3 types of special connective tissue?
- 1. Blood 2. Cartilage 3. Bone
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What 4 components comprise blood?
- 1. Plasma 2. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 3. Leukocytes (white blood cells) 4. Thrombocytes (platelets)
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 2 materials that comprise cartilage and how are they arranged?
- Chondroitin and collagen fibers arranged in parallel rays form cartilage
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What 3 structures in human bodies contain cartilage?
- 1. Nose 2. Ears 3. Knees
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION CHONDROCYTES
- Cartilage cells
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of cartilage?
- Provides flexible support, shock absorption and reduction of friction on load-bearing surfaces
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of bone?
- Protects internal organs and provides support
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Bone is as strong as what material, while being only 1/3 as heavy?
- Cast iron
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION LAMELLAE
- Rings of calcium phosphate crystals that comprise a bone\'s matrix
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION OSTEOCYTE
- Bone cell
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION CANALICULI
- Allows communication between bone cells
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION HAVERSION SYSTEM
- Where blood vessels pass through bone cells
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? Which is voluntary and which is involuntary?
- 1. Smooth (involuntary) 2. Skeletal (voluntary) 3. Cardiac (involuntary)
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What type of muscle tissue is mononucleate?
- Cardiac muscle
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What type of muscle tissue is non-striated?
- Smooth muscle
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of smooth muscle?
- Powers rhythmic, involuntary contractions commanded by the central nervous system
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of skeletal muscle?
- Powers walking, talking, lifting and all other voluntary movement
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What is the function of cardiac muscle?
- Promotes rapid spread of contraction initiation signal via highly interconnected cells
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What attached skeletal muscle to bones?
- Tendons
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION Where is smooth muscle typically located?
- Lining walls of blood vessels, the stomach and the intestines
- 43 - ANIMAL BODY & PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION What are the 11 vertebrate organ systems? What is the major body function of each?
- 1. Nervous (communication/integration of stimuli) 2. Endocrine (communication/integration of stimuli) 3. Integumentary (defense from attackers) 4. Lymphatic/Immune (defense from attackers) 5. Digestive (regulation/maintenance) 6. Urinary (regulation/maintenance) 7. Respiratory (regulation/maintenance) 8. Circulatory (regulation/maintenance) 9. Reproductive (reproduction/development) 10. Skeletal (support/movement) 11. Muscular (support/movement)
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 components of a neuron?
- 1. Nerve cell body 2. Dendrites 3. Axon
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are 2 functions of dendrites?
- 1. Receive stimuli 2. Conduct electrical impulses toward the nerve cell body
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is the function of the axon?
- Conducts electrical impulses away from the nerve cell body
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM NEUROGLIA
- Nerve cells that support, insulate and protect neurons, but do not conduct any electrical impulses
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM IRRITABILITY
- Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 4 steps of irritability-driven reactions?
- 1. Sensory receptors detect stimulus 2. Sensory neurons carry receptor impulses to brain 3. Motor neurons carry brain impulses to motor effectors 4. Motor effectors cause muscular or glandular stimulus response
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 2 systems that make up the nervous system? What are the functions and neurons associated with each?
- 1. Peripheral nervous system, PNS (communication of signal to body, sensory neurons & motor neurons) 2. Central nervous system, CNS (integration and interpretation of input, interneuron)
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 2 systems make up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
- 1. Somatic (voluntary) system 2. Autonomic (involuntary) system
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 2 components of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system?
- 1. Sympathetic (fight or flight) 2. Parasympathetic (rest and repose)
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are neuroglial cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) called?
- Schwann cells
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are neuroglial cells in the central nervous system called?
- Oligodendrocytes
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 functions of neuroglial cells?
- 1. Support 2. Insulate 3. Protect
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What neuroglial cells are responsible for the acceleration of electrical impulses?
- Nodes of Ranvier
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What neuroglial cells act as nutrient and ion reservoirs?
- Astrocytes
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 components of resting membrane potential inside a neuron?
- 1. Low Na+ 2. Low Cl- 3. High K+
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 components of resting membrane potential outside a neuron?
- 1. High Na+ 2. High Cl- 3. Low K+
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM In what 2 ways is the negative resting potential of a neuron maintained?
- 1. Na-K (sodium-potassium) pump 2. Ion leakage channels
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 2 types of membrane potentials?
- 1. Graded potentials 2. Action potentials
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM In what 2 ways is a negative resting membrane potential maintained?
- 1. Na-K (sodium-potassium) pump 2. Ion leakage channels
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What types of changes are enacted by a graded neural membrane potential?
- Small, transient potential changes
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 2 substances chemically gate ion channels in a graded neural membrane potential?
- 1. Hormones 2. Neurotransmitters
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM Depolarization makes a graded potential more ____, while hyperpolarization makes a graded potential more ____. Summation can ____ or ____ a graded potential.
- Depolarization: positive Hyperpolarization: negative Summation: reinforce, negate
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 3 events can happen when a neural membrane reaches action potential?
- 1. Depolarization 2. Separation 3. All-or-none events
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What controls a neural membrane\'s ability to reach action potential?
- Voltage-gated ion channels (Na+, K+)
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 2 types of voltage-gated ion channels in a neural membrane?
- 1. Na+ channels 2. K+ channels
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 phases of an action potential?
- 1. Rising (stimulus causes above-threshold voltage) 2. Undershoot (excess potassium diffuses out of cell) 3. Falling (voltage falls below-threshold to restore equilibrium)
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 4 components comprise a synapse?
- 1. Presynaptic cells 2. Postsynaptic cells 3. Synaptic vesicles 4. Receptor proteins
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM Presynaptic cells ____ impulses, and postsynaptic cells ____ impulses.
- Transmit, receive
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 5 neurotransmitters?
- 1. Acetylcholine 2. Epinephrin 3. Glutamate 4. Dopamine 5. Serotonin
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM In what 3 steps is a nervous transmission terminated?
- 1. Acetylcholinesterase is produced. 2. Acetylcholinesterase stops signaling 3. Acetylcholine is reuptaken by neuron, then by glial cells
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM How do organophosphate insecticides work?
- Inhibit acetylcholinesterase, so nervous transmissions cannot be terminated
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM In general, why do people become addicted to drugs?
- Drugs mimic neurotransmitters
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM HABITUATION
- When the number of receptors decreases due to regular drug use
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is bound by cocaine?
- Dopamine transporters
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is nicotine used for in plants?
- Defense
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 2 effects of nicotine binding to receptors?
- 1. Decrease in the # of receptors 2. Decrease in acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is the state of the central nervous system in: porifera, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, annelids, molluscs and insects?
- 1. Porifera: lack nerves 2. Cnidarians: nerve net 3. Platyhelminthes: associative area 3. Annelids: bilateral brain 4. Molluscs: cephalopods have complex brains 5. Insects: lobed brain, ventral nerve cord with ganglia
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 basic sections of the vertebrate brain and what is the function of each?
- 1. Forebrain (smell) 2. Midbrain (vision) 3. Hindbrain (hearing, balance)
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 6 components of the forebrain?
- 1. Olfactory bulb 2. Cerebrum 3. Optic chiasm 4. Thalamus 5. Hypothalamus 6. Pituitary
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What composes the midbrain?
- Optic tectum
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 2 components of the hindbrain?
- 1. Cerebellum 2. Medulla oblongata
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What lies below the hindbrain?
- Spinal cord
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is the function of the cerebrum?
- Correlation, association and learning
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?
- 1. Frontal 2. Temporal 3. Parietal 4. occipital
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is the function of the cerebellum?
- Balance and coordination
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What is the function of the occipital lobe?
- Vision
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What function is shared by the parietal and temporal lobes?
- Speech comprehension
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 2 functions are unique to the temporal lobe?
- 1. Memory 2. Hearing
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 2 functions are unique to the frontal lobe?
- 1. Speech 2. Smell
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What 2 minor brain components are attached to the cerebellum?
- 1. Pons 2. Medulla oblongata
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM Between what 2 lobes are the motor and sensory neurons?
- Frontal and parietal
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What lobe is below the motor and sensory neurons?
- Temporal
- 44 - NERVOUS SYSTEM What are the 3 major components of the forebrain? What is the function of each?
- 1. THALMUS -integration/relay of sensory information 2. HYPOTHALMUS -regulation of body temperature, water balance, appetite, thirst -production of neurohormones -regulation of reproductive function -sexual/emotional behavior 3. HIPPOCAMPUS -learning -memory
- 45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS What are the 3 classes of receptors (sensory cells)?
- 1. Mechanoreceptors 2. Chemoreceptors 3. Energy-detecting receptors
- 45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS Nociceptors create what sensation?
- Pain
- 45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS What are the 2 types of thermoreceptors?
- 1. Warm 2. Cold
- 45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS Most mechanoreceptors are ____ receptors.
- Cutaneous
- 45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS Proprioceptors are located where?
- Muscle spindles
- 45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS Baroreceptors sense what?
- Blood pressure
- 45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS What are the 2 types of hair cells in the lateral lines of fish?
- 1. Stereocilia 2. Kinocilia
- 45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS CUPULA
- Gelatinous matrix surrounding hair cells
- 45 - SENSORY SYSTEMS OTOLITH
- Calcium carbonate crystals that boast stereocilia-containing hair cells; used by fish to hear
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