Med Term Ch 9
Terms
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- acromegaly
- disease characterized by enlarged features, espcially of the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty , when normal bone growth has stoppedl most often casued by a pituitary tumor
- aden/o
- gland
- adren/o, adrenal/o
- adrenal gland
- adrenal glands suprarenal glands
- located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
- adrenal virilism
- excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice
- adrenalectomy
- excision of the adrenal glands
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
- andr/o
- male
- androgens
- influence development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, for example, facial hair, deep voice
- anterior pituitary, adenohypophysis
- anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- antidiabetic drug
- any of several agents used to control blood sugar levels in treatment of diabetes mellitus
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
- antithyroid drug
- an agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism
- blood sugar (BS), blood glucose
- measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood
- calcitonin
- regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
- catecholamines
- hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response
- computed tomography (CT)
- CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse view of the pituitary gland
- continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), insulin pump therapy
- use of an insulin delivery device that is worn on the body (usually the abdomen) and subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the diabetic patient
- cretinism
- condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed
- crin/o
- to secrete
- Cushing syndrome
- a collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone; may be due to excessive production by the adrenal gland, or more commonly occurs as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid hormones, such as prednisone , symptoms
- diabetes mellitus (DM)
- metabolic disorder caused by the absense or insuficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria
- dips/o
- thirst
- electrolyte panel
- measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, and chloride) along with carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood; electrolytes are essential for maintaining water balance (hydration) as well as nerve, muscle, and heart activity
- epinephrine, adrenaline
- secreted in response to fear or physical injury
- estrogen
- responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics
- exophthalmos / exophthalmus
- protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
- fasting blood glucose (FBS)
- measurement of blood sugar level after fasting for 12 hours
- follicle-stimuating hormone (FSH)
- initiates the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and the production of sperm in males
- gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o
- glucose (sugar)
- glucagon
- a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar
- glucocorticoids
- regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have antiinflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid
- glucose tolerance test (GTT)
- measurement of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hr thereafter for 4-6 hrs
- glucosuria, glycosuria
- glucose (sugar) in the urine
- glycohemoglobin , glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc)
- a molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin, the level of which rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes
- goiter
- enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation
- Graves disease
- the most common form of hyperthyroidism; caused by an autoimmmune defect that creates antibodies that stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones
- growth hormone (GH)
- influences growth
- hirsutism
- shaggy; an excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places (eg. a woman with a beard)
- hormon/o
- hormone (an urging on)
- hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
- treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency (eg. estrogen, testosterone, and thyroid)
- hypercalcemia
- an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood
- hyperglycemia
- high blood sugar
- hyperinsulinism
- a condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas
- hyperkalemia
- an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood
- hyperparathyroidism
- hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor
- hypersecretion
- abnormally increased secretion
- hyperthyroidism
- a condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by nervoisness, weight loss, rapid pulse, protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), goiter
- hypocalcemia
- an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
- hypoglycemia
- low blood sugar
- hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic
- a drug that lowers the blood glucose level (eg. insulin)
- hypokalemia
- deficient level of potassium in the blood
- hypoparathyroidism
- hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands
- hypophysectomy
- excision of the pituitary gland
- hyposecretion
- abnormally decreased secretion
- hypothyroidism
- a condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity
- insulin
- a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose (insulin = island)
- islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
- endocrine tissue within the pancreas (the organ located behind the stomach, in front of the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae); secretes insulin and glucagon
- ket/o, keton/o
- ketone bodies
- ketosis / ketoacidosis / diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating and abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteuml causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes
- magnetic resonance imaginig (MRI)
- nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of the pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and thyroid glands
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
- affects skin pigmentation
- melatonin
- exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty
- metabolism
- all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions
- mineral corticosteroids
- maintain salt and water balance
- myxedema
- advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin
- norepinephrine
- secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress
- ovaries
- located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone
- oxytocin
- influences uterine contraction
- pancreat/o
- pancreas
- pancreatectomy
- excision of the pancreas
- pancreatitis
- inflammation of the pancreas
- parathyroid glands
- two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete parathyroid hormone
- parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
- parathyroidectomy
- excision of the parathyroid glands
- pineal gland
- located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin
- pituiary dwarfism
- a condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate stature (not affecting intelligence); often treated during childhood with growth hormonel; other forms of dwardism are most often caused by gen
- pituitary gigantism
- a condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
- pituitary gland / hypophysis
- located at the base of the brain; considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormon
- polydipsia
- excessive thirst
- polyuria
- excessive urination
- posterior pituitary, neurohypophysis
- posterios lobe of the pituitary gland
- postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
- measurement of blood sugar level after a meal (commonly 2 hrs later)
- progesterone
- regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy
- prolactin, lactogenic hormone
- stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy
- radioiodine therapy
- use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells; treatment is administered in a nuclear medicine facility
- serotonin
- a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin
- sonography
- sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound
- steroid hormones
- hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
- testes
- located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secrete testosterone
- testosterone
- affects masculinization and reproduction
- thym/o
- thymus gland
- thymectomy
- excision of the thymus gland
- thymosin
- regulates immune response
- thymus gland
- located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heartl secretes thymosin
- thyr/o, thyroid/o
- thyroid gland (shield)
- thyroid function study
- measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine the efficienct of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, and TSH
- thyroid gland
- located in front of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin
- thyroid uptake and image
- radionuclide (nuclear medicine) scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
- thyroid-stimulating hormone
- stimulates secretions from throid gland
- thyroidectomy
- excision of the thyroid gland
- triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)
- known as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism
- type 1 diabetes
- diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival
- type 2 diabetes
- diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) occurs; the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival
- urine sugar and ketone studies
- chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as a screen for diabetes