Med Term Ch 13
Terms
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- abdominal sonogram
- abdominal ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder
- adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD)
- inherited condition of multiple cysts that gradually form in the kidney, causing destruction of normal tissue that leads to renal failure; diagnosed in adults presenting with hypertension, kidney enlargement, and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)
- albumin (alb), protein
- chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine
- albumin/o
- protein
- albuminuria, proteinuria
- presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise
- analgesic
- drug that relieves pain
- antibiotic
- drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
- antisasmodic
- drug that relieves spasms
- anuria
- absence of urine formation
- bacteri/o
- bacteria
- bacteriuria
- presence of bacteria in the urine
- bilirubin
- chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease
- blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a hugh BUN indicates the inability of one or both kidneys to excrete urea
- Bowman capsule
- top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus
- calices or calyces
- ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis (kalyx = cup of a flower)
- continent urostomy
- an internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine that diverts urine through an opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall; a valve is created internally to prevent leakage, and the patient empties the pouch by catheter
- cortex
- outer part of the kidney (cortex = bark)
- creatinine
- waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
- creatinine clearance testing
- measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and in a 24 hr urine specimen to determine the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidneys
- creatinine, serum
- test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood; useful in assessing kidney function
- creatinine, urine
- test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine
- cyst/o, vesic/o
- bladder or sac
- cystitis
- inflammation of the bladder
- cystoscopy
- examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope
- dips/o
- thirst
- diuretic
- drug that increases the secretion of urine
- dysuria
- painful urination
- enuresis
- involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control
- extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
- procedure using ultrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder
- Foley catheter
- indwelling catheter inserted through the urethra and into the bladder that includes a collection system allowing urine to be drained into a bag; the catheter can remain in place for an extended period
- glomerul/o
- glomerulus (small ball)
- glomerulonephritis
- form of nephritis involving the glomerulus
- glomerulus
- small, ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron
- gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o
- glucose (sugar)
- glucose
- chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine; most often used to screen for diabetes (glucose = sugar)
- glucosuria, glycosuria
- glucose (sugar) in the urine
- hematuria
- presence of blood in the urine
- hemodialysis
- method of removing impurities by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine (hemodialyzer)
- hilum
- indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave
- hydrohephrosis
- pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine
- incontinence
- involuntary discharge of urine or feces
- intracorporeal lithotripsy
- method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using discharges of electrical energy that are transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones
- intravenous pyelogram (IVP), intravenous urogram (IVU)
- x-ray image of the urinary tract obtained after an iodine contract medium has been injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma, etc
- ket/o, keton/o
- ketone bodies
- ketone bodies, ketone compounds
- acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid; products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal utilization of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation
- ketones
- chemical tests used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates that fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs during starvation or an uncontrolled diabetic state
- ketonuria
- presence of ketone bodies in the urine
- kidney biopsy (Bx), renal biopsy (Bx)
- removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination
- kidney dialysis
- methods of filtering impurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure
- kidney transplantation, renal transplantation
- transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another (recipient)
- kidneys
- two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine
- kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)
- abdominal x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; typically used as a scout film before obtaining an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
- lith/o
- stone
- meat/o
- meatus (opening)
- medulla
- inner part of the kidney
- microscopic findings
- microscopic identification of abnormal constituents in the urine (eg. red blood cells, white blood cells, and casts); reported per high- or low-power field (hpf or lpf)
- nephr/o, ren/o
- kidney
- nephrectomy
- excision of a kidney
- nephritis
- inflammation of the kidney
- nephrolithiasis
- presence of a renal stone or stones
- nephrolithotomy
- incision into the kidney for the removal of stones
- nephron
- micrscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each of which is capable of forming urine
- nephrorrhaphy
- suture of an injured kidney
- nephrosis
- degenerative disease of the renal tubules
- nephrotomy
- incision into the kidney
- nitrite
- chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine
- nocturia
- urination at night
- nocturnal enuresis
- bed-wetting during sleep
- noncontinent ileal conduit
- removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen; urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag); noncontinent indicat
- oliguria
- scanty production of urine
- orthotopic bladder, neobladder
- bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing "natural" voiding
- peritoneal dialysis
- method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid (dialysate) that is washed in and out in cycles
- pH
- measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine
- polyuria
- condition of excessive urination
- py/o
- pus
- pyel/o
- renal pelvis (basin)
- pyelonephritis
- inflammation of the renal pelvis
- pyeloplasty
- surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis
- pyuria
- presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection
- renal angiogram, renal arteriogram
- x-ray image of the renal artery obtained after injecting contract material into a catherter in the artery
- renal pelvis
- basin-like portion of the ureter within the kidney
- renal tubule
- stem portion of the nephron
- resectoscope
- urologic endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect (cut and remove) lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate
- retrograde pyelogram (RP), retrograde urogram
- x-ray image of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis obtained after contrast medium has been injected up to the kidney by way of a small catheter passed through a cystoscope; used to detect the presence of stones, obstruction, etc
- scout film
- plain-film x-ray image obtained to detect and obvious pathology before further imaging (eg. a KUB before an IVP)
- specific gravity (SpGr)
- measure of the concentration or dilution of urine
- stent placement
- use of a device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes (eg. an obstructed ureter)
- straight catheter
- a type of catheter that is inserted through the urethra into the bladder to relieve urinary retention or to collect a sterile specimen of urine for testing; the catheter is removed immediately after the procedure
- stress urinary incontinence (SUI)
- involuntary discharge of urine with coughing, sneezing, and/or strained exercise
- suprapubic catheter
- indwelling catheter inserted directly in the bladder through an abdominal incision above the pubic bone that includes a collection system that allows urine to be drained into a bag; used in patients requiring long-term catheterization
- ur/o, urin/o
- urine
- urea
- waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
- uremia, azotemia
- excess urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure
- ureter
- tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
- ureter/o
- ureter
- ureteropelvic junction
- point of connection between the renal pelvis and the ureter
- urethr/o
- urethra
- urethra
- single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body
- urethral meatus
- opening in the urethra to the outside of the body
- urethral stenosis
- narrowed condition of the urethra
- urethritis
- inflammation of the urethra
- urethrocystitis
- inflammation of the urethra and bladder
- urinalysis (UA)
- physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of the urine
- urinary bladder
- sac that holds the urine
- urinary catherterization
- methods of placing a tube into the bladder to drain or collect urine
- urinary diversion
- creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or diseases (eg. bladder cancer)
- urinary retention
- retention of urine resulting from an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction
- urinary tract infection (UTI)
- invasion of pathogenic organisms (commmonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise
- urine
- fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products
- urine culture and censitivity (C&S)
- isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified, as are drugs to which they are sensitive
- urine occult blood
- chemical test for the presence of kidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidney (occult = hidden)
- urobilinogen
- chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine; increased amounts are seen in gallbladder and liver disease
- urologic endoscopic surgery
- use of specialized endoscopes (eg. resectoscope) within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures, such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, placement of a stent, etc
- voiding cystourethrogram (VCU or VCUG)
- x-ray image of the bladder and urethra obtained during urination (voiding = urinating)