ap ch 11 test 4/29
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- How are the brain and spinal cord protected?
- bones, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid
- name the meninges:
- dura mater, arachoniod mater, pia mater
- dura mater-
- OUTERMOST layer. It is vascular and is made of tough ct. This covers the brain and spinal cord and actually extends to the sacrum.
- What is the space between the dura mater and the vertebral bones called? a and p
- EPIDURAL SPACE; bl. vessels, loose ct, adipose tissue and provides a protective pad around the spinal cord
- arachnoid mater-ap
- this is the think web-like middle meninges. It is AVASCULAR and covers the brain and spinal cord
- What is found between ara. mater and pia mater?
- cerbrospinal fluid
- pia mater-
- This is the innermost layer. It is VERY THIN and is rich in blood vessles and nerves. It NOURISHES the underlying brain and spinal cord
- What are ventricles?
- inter-connected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem. They are continuous with the central canal
- What are ventricles filled with?
- cerebrospinal fluid
- What is the largest venticle?
- lateral ventricle
- How are the 3 and 4 ventricle connected?
- cerebral aqueduct
- What are CHOROID PLEXUSES and where are they found?
- tiny reddish masses of capillaries, in the pia mater
- How much CSF is secreted daily by humans?
- 500 ml
- The _____ create a _____ that regulated the compostion of the crebrospinal fluid
- ependymal; blood-CSF barrier
- The anatomy of CSF:
- It is slightly viscid and is clear. Has a higher concentration of sodium and lower concentrations of glucose and potassium than other body fluids.
- The phisiology of CSF:
- Nutritive, Protective (brain and spinal cord float in the fluid...shock absorber), helps maintain a stable ionic concetrationin the CNS, provides a pathway to the blodd for wastes, supplies info. to the hypoth. and brain stem
- The spinal cord is continuous w the _____ and extends through the _____
- brain; vertebral column
- How many segments does the spinal cord have, what does each do?
- 31, give rise to a PAIR of spinal nerves
- Where is there enlargements and why?
- cervical and lumbar, bc there are more nerves that lead to arms and legs
- What is the spinal cord made of?
- core is gray matter surrounded by white matter
- What are the functions of the spinal cord?
- conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain, serves as center for spinal reflexes
- What does the tracts to in spinal cord?
- provide a two-way system of communication between the brain and effectors.
- What carries sensory info. to the brain?
- ascending tracts
- What carries impulses to effectors?
- descendin tracts
- Where do they cross at?
- as they enter the brain
- What is a reflex arc and list parts
- the simplest of nerve pathways; recptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
- ap of reflexes:
- they are automatic subsonscious responses to changes inside and outside of the body; reflexes help maintain homeostases by controlling h. rate, breathing rate, digestion, and b. pressure
- Reflexes carry out what actions?
- swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting...
- What are two distince ones and def.:
- patellar reflex-knee; Withdrawal reflex-moing away from something preceived as painful
- What is the larges and most complex of the nervous system?
- brain
- What three major cavities does the brain arise from?
- forbrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
- forebrain-
- anterior portion gives rise to the cerebrum and basal ganglia. The posterior portion gives rise to the deencephalons.
- midbrain-
- midbrain
- hindbrain-
- gives rise to the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblangata.
- What forms the brain stem?
- pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain
- What is the largest part of the brain, How are the 2 hemi. connected?
- cerebrum; corpus callosum
- Hemi. are separted by what, the bumps are called what, grooves are called what
- longitudinal fissure, gyri, sulci
- What is found between the cerebrum and cerebellum
- transverse fissure
- Name the lobes of the brain:
- frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
- What is the outermost part of the cerebrum? what is it made of, and what does it contain?
- cerebral cortex, a thin layer of gray matter, 75% of the neuron cell bodies in the entire nervous system
-
Functions of the cerebrum:
(includes both lobes) - INTERPRETATION of sensory impulses, INITIATION of voluntary muscular movements, memory, reasoning, intelligence, personality, speech (Broca's area)
- What part of the brain dominates 90% of pop.? what is it about?
- left- language activities
- what is the right brain?
- creativeness
- Memory-
- storing and retrieving of info. when needed
- What is memory needed for:
- all higher brain functions...learning, reasoning, and asapting
- What re the 3 types of memory and def.
- short term-easily displaced, recent mem.-mem. that is lost from disuse, long term mem- repeadly used and etched in mem.
- Basal Nuclei- ap
- masses of gray matter found deep in the cerebral hemi. Relays motor impulses to the brain stem and spinal cord.
- Brain Stem: ap
- Connects the brain to the spinal cord. Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblangata
- Midbrain- ap
- found between hypo. and pons on brain stem; has several masses of gray matter that act as reflx centers that maintain posture
- What is found in the midbrain and what is the gray matter called inside it?
- the crebral aqueduct and the corpa quadrigemina; red nucleus
- What are the functions of the hypothalamus:
- heart rate and bl. pressure; body temp.; warter and electrolyte balance; contro of hunger and body weight; control movements and secretions of stomach and intestines; produces sub. to stimulate pit. gland ro release harmones; sleep and wakefulness
- Limbic System:
- thes system controls emotional experience and expression and can modify the way a person acts
- Medulla Oblangata:
- where the ascending and descending tracts go through
- What does it serve as:
- cardiac center- heartbeat; vasomotor center-constiction and dialation of bl. vessels; repiratory center- controls rate and rhythm and depth of breathing
- What is the center of muxcualr coordination that helps us maintain posture and equilbrium?
- cerebellum
- Types of sleep:
- normal, parasoxical
- normal:
- restful, dreamless sleep that is accompanied by reduced blood pressuer and repiratory rate
- paradoxical-
- some areas of the brain are still active. you have dreams irregualr heart beat and repiratory rates ant REM
- What is the PNS made of:
- all of the nerves outside the CNS
- what are its two divisions:
- somatic, and autonomic
- somatic system-
- cranial and spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles. oversees conscious activities
- autonomic system-
- this connects the CNS to visceral organs and glands. This dive. function independently and continuously without conscious effort
- what are the 2 divi of the auto. system?
- sympathetic, parasympathetic
- sympathetic-
- associated with the "fight or flight". Prepares the body for energy expending, stressful or emergency activities
- char. of sympathetic: (stress)
- neck hair stands up, acute senses, heart beats faster and harder, shallow breathing, blood shoots to the skeletal
- parasympathetic- (peace)
- returns the body to a non-emergency state after sympathetic