Histo-urinary system
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- What is the main function of the kidney?
- to make urine, filter, and reabsorb stuff
- What is the renal sinus/hilus?
- cavity where the renal artery, renal vein, nerves enter and contains fat
- What is the general structural organization of the kidney?
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-capsule
-cortex
-medulla
-lobes
-lobules - Is the capsule very thin?
- yes
- What is the cortex of the kidney?
-
-part closest to the capsule
-divided into cortical rays and cortical labrinth
-has a light and dark alternating array - What is the cortical labrynth of the kidney cortex?
- the lighter pattern of the cortex
- What is the cortical ray part of the kidney cortex?
- the darker region of the cortex
- What is the cortical column/renal column of the kidney cortex?
-
-extensions of the cortex to the sinus between the renal pyramids
-separates pieces of the medulla - What makes up the medulla of the kidney?
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-papilla
-medullary pyramid - What is the papilla of the kidney medulla?
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-tip of the medullary pyramid facing the minor calyx
-contains papillary ducts - What is the medullary pyramid of the kidney medulla?
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-a heart shaped structure
-its base is between the junction of the pyramid and the cortex - What is the lobe of the kidney made of?
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-medullary pyramids of medulla and tissue above it
-interlobar arteries and veins are the extreme boundaries("inter"=between lobes) - Where are interlobar arteries and veins located?
- inside the renal columns
- Tell five things about the lobule of the kidney.
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-is smaller units of the lobe containing its own vascular base
-is above the medullary pyramid
-contains interlobular arteries on its outer boundaries
-the middle of teh lobule is the cortical ray
-has cortical labrinth on either side of the cortical ray - What makes up the urinerferous tubules?
- nephron + collecting tubule
- What is the renal corpuscle?
-
-located in the cortical labrynth of the renal cortex
-is a round sphere with a urinary pole and a vascular pole - What is the urinary pole?
- distal pole where the tubular system begins and fluid filters out
- What is the vascular pole?
- Pole where the afferent vessels enter and efferent vesels leave
- What is Bowman's capsule?
-
-the epithelial capsule of the renal corpuscle
- made of a parietal layer and a visceral layer - What type of epithelium is the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule made of?
- simple squamous epithelium
- What type of epithelium is the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule made of?
- -simple squamous epithelium
- Where are podocytes found?
- In the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
- What forms the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle?
- the afferent arteriole, is lined with simple squamous epithelium, blood exits through the efferent arteriole
- What is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of Bowman's capsule called?
- capsular sapce or urinary space
- What are podocytes?
-
-cells found on the visceral layer of bowman's capsule
-have long cytoplasmic arms with extensions that touch the basement membrane of the capillaries
-are involved in the filtration process - What are the filtration barriers between the lumen of the glomerular capillary and urinary space of the renal capsule?
-
-fenestrated membranes of the glomerular endothelium
-the basal membrane
-the slit membranne between podocyte membranes - What are the two parts of the proximal tubule?
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-proximal convoluted tubule
-straight portion of the proximal tubule - Where is the proximal convoluted tubule located?
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-found in the labrynth
-directly attached to the renal corpuscle at the urinary pole - Where is the straight portion of the proximal tubule located?
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-is connected to the proximal convoluted tubule
-found in the cortical ray and the medulla - What type of epithelium is found in the proximal tubule?
- -simple tall cuboidal/simple columnar epithelium with a brush border of microvilli on the apical surface
- What are the divisions of the loop of henle?
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-decending thick segment=straight portion of the proximal tubule
-thin segment
-ascending thick segment=first part of distal tubule - What type of epithelium is the thin loop of the loop of henle lined with?
- simple squamous epithelium
- What is the function of the loop of henle?
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-the urine is made hypertonic here
-the body reabsorbs water from here
-glucose and protein absorption occurs here
**there is a lot of debri in this lumen - What are the two parts of the distal tubule?
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-straight portion of the distal tubule
-distal convoluted tubule - Where can the distal tubule be found?
- travels through the medulla, cortical ray, and cortical labrinth(convoluted part here)
- What type of epithelium is in the distial tubule?
- simple cuboidal epithelium with little or no brush border/microvilli
- What is absorbed in the distal tubule?
- calcium and sodium
- What hormone controls the absorption of sodium in the distal tubule
- aldosterone
- What is aldosterone?
- steroid hormone that is involved in sodium absorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubule
- What is the function of the distal tubule?
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-urine acidification
-not a lot of debri in the tubule - What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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-the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole
-the macula densa of the efferent arteriole
-mesangial cells - What are the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole?
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-modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole
-makes renin - What is renin?
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-enzyme/hormone made in the adrenal gland involved in sodium ballance and regulating blood pressure
-found in juxtoglomerular apparatus that converts angiotensinogen...to angiotensin I...to angiotensin II - What is the macula densa of the efferent arteriole?
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-is a modified segment of the wall of the distal tubule
-here the epithelial wall changes from cuboidal to columnar - What are mesangial cells?
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-triangle cells between the wall of the distal tubule and the glomerulus
-light staining cells - What type of epithelium is found in the collecting tubule?
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-starts as cuboidal in cortex
-becomes collumnar in medulla - What is the collecting tubule?
- is where the urine leaves the kidney and enters into the minor calyx
- What occurs in the collecting tubule if vasopressin is present?
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-water absorption
-vasopressin is an antidiuretic hormone that prevents constant urination - What are the two types of circulation is the kidney?
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-cortical circulation
-juxtamedullary circulation - What is the blood flow in cortical circulatiOn?
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-renal artery
-interlobar artery
-arcuate artery
-interlobular artery
-afferent arterioleglomerulus
-efferent arteriole
-***cortical peritubular capillaries
-interlobular vein
-arcuate vein
-interlobar vein
-renal vein - What is the blood flow in the juxtamedullary circulation?
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-renal artery
-interlobar artery
-arcuate artery
-interlobular artery
-afferent arteriole
-glomerulus
-efferent arteriole
-***vasa recta
-arcuate vein
-interlobar vein
-renal vein - Where is the cortical peritubular capillaries located?
- -these surround all of the tubules in the cortex, this is where absorption occurs
- Where is the vasa recta?
- surround all tubules in the medulla and are straight vessels
- What is the function of the calyces, pelvis, ureter, and bladder?
- stores urine formed in the kidneys
- What type of epithelium does the calyces and pelvis contain?
- transitional: 2-3 layers
- What type of epithelium does the ureter contain?
- transitional: 4-5 layers
- What type of epithelium does the urinary bladder contain?
- transitional: 6-8 layers
- Is a lamina propria present in the calyces, pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder?
- yes
- Is a muscularis mucosae present in the calyces, pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder?
- no
- Is a tunica muscularis present in the calyces & pelvis?
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yes
2 layers - Is a tunica muscularis present in the ureter?
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yes
-upper region= 2 layers
-lower region= 3 layers - Is a tunica muscularis present in the urinary bladder?
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yes
-3 layers - Is a tunica adventita or serosa present in the calyces & pelvis?
- adventitia
- Is a tunica adventita or serosa present in the ureter?
- adventitia
- Is a tunica adventita or serosa present urinary bladder?
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dorsally = adventitia
ventrally = serosa