Endocrinology (Psychobiology of Women)
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- endocrine glands
- produces hormones ductless glands- release hormones directly into blood hormones only act at target tissue where there are receptors for the hormone
- What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
- None
- Estrogens- Estradiol -target tissue -reproductive effects
- every cell of body proliferation of endometrial cells during the follicular phase of the monthly cycle build up of mammary tissue in the breast during luteal phase and pregnancy proliferation of muscle cells to uterus during pregnancy
- Estrogens- Estradiol -non-reproductive effects
- control fat storage increases general activity level suppresses food intake and appetite softens skin, maintains skin thickness and resilience affects bone development blood pressure (natural prevents marked increases and decreases of bp; synthetic increases bp)
- Progesterone -target tissue -reproductive effects
- all cells of the body stimulate the secretion of fats and glycogen into the endometrial cells in the luteal phase stimulate mammary gland development during the luteal phase and during pregnancy prevents coordinated contractions of the uterus during pregnancy
- Progesterone -non-reproductive effects
- controls fat storage (reverse effect of estrogen and increases the rate of storage of excess calories as fat) stimulates food intake and appetite prevents coordinated contractions of smooth muscle throughout the body (basis of diarrhea or constipation during the luteal phase) prevents marked increases/decreases in bp causes somnolence
- Hypothalamus is responsible for...?
- emotional control, thirst, pituitary (endocrine)
- What is hypophysis?
- pituitary
- Neurohypophysis -refers to? -produces hormones? -contains?
- Posterior pituitary (brain like tissue not by the brain) transition area, does not produce hormones contains terminals of axons from cells in the para ventricular and supraoptic hypothalamus
- What does the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus produce?
- Oxytocin
- Functions of Oxytocin
- stimulates milk let-down during breast feeding -primary stimulus for oxytocin release is suckling at the breast -oxytocin production and release can be conditioned to occur to stimuli related to suckling such as a crying baby stimulates contractions of the uterus -high levels at labor -administration of synthetic oxytocin (Pitocin) can stimulate labor tend and befriend- emotional attachment to others
- What does the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus produce?
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also called arginine vasopressin (AVP)
- Functions of antidiurectic hormone
- promotes retention of water by blocking water loss in urine increases blood pressure
- What does LH and FSH inhibit?
- GnRH
- Adrenal Medulla
- may or may not be an endocrine gland produces adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to stress
- Adrenal Cortex
- produces and release hormones in respone to stimulation from tropic hormone ACTH
- mineralocorticoids
- regulate levels of minerals and electrolytes such as sodium and potassium
- glucocorticoids
- control glucose metabolism and food intake
- Adrenal cortex produces what hormones?
- glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids sex steroids
- What are the sex steroids produced by the adrenal cortex?
- estrogen progesterone androgen
- What is the major source of androgen for women?
- adrenal cortex
- What is the advantage of the localized conversion of androstenedione to testosterone in women?
- allows for localized powerful androgen actions without total masculinization of the female body
- Actions of Androgen
- stimulates the growth of pubic and underarm hair acne control of sex drive
- Peptide hormones
- water soluable long chains of amino acid cannot cross blood brain barrier ADH, oxytocin, most tropic and releasing hormones
- Steroid hormones
- fat soluble smaller can cross blood brain barrier estrogen, androgen, progesterone, mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
- What is the order of sex steroid production from cholesterol to estradiol?
- cholesterol, progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol
- What can androstenedione be converted into?
- estrial, estrone, testosterone
- What is the median eminence?
- nucleus at the base of the hypothalamus where releasing factors enter the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system
- What is the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system?
- specialized blood vessel system which transports releasing hormones throught the infindibulum from the median eminence to the anterior pituitary
- What is the role of LH in men?
- stimulation of androgen production by testes
- What is the role of FSH in men?
- stimulates the production of sperm
- What is the role of FSH?
- stimulates growth of follicles in preovulatory phase works with LH to stimulate ovulation
- What is the role of LH?
- stimulates estrogen production by the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum works with FSH to stimulate ovulation
- What is the role of prolactin (PRL)?
- stimulates milk production by mammary glands stimulates progesterone production
- List the Releasing Hormones
- Thyrotropic hormone releasing hormone Sommatostain Growth hormone releasing hormone corticotropin releasing hormone gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone dopamine prolactin stimulating hormone
- Inhibin
- produced by ovarian follicle and corpus luteum and acts at the anterior pituitary to inhibit the production of FSH
- What is the Adenohypophysis? What are its functions?
- Anterior pituitary produce and release tropic hormones in respone to releasing hormone
- List the Tropic Hormones
- Growth hormone, LH, FSH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone, ACTH, Thyroid stimulating hormone, beta-lipotropic hormone, prolactin
- What are tropic hormones?
- hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and triggered by releasing hormones to act at specific endocrine glands
- What are releasing hormones?
- hormones produced by the hypothalamus and act at anterior pituitary to produce tropic hormones
- Beta-lipotropic hormone (BLPH)
- large molecules in which endorphins come counters pain in labor (somewhat amnesiac)
- Melanocyte stimulating hormone
- suppresses appetite increases total amount of pigments in the skin exposure to sunlight stimulates production and secretion of MSH related to learning in other parts of the body
- Growth Hormone (somatomammotropin)
- produced by anterior pituitary and acts at liver controls growth of body
- Thyroid stimulating hormone
- produced at anterior pituitary and acts at thyroid to control metabolism
- Adrentocorticotropic Hormone
- produced and secreted by anterior pituitary, increases production of androgens stimulates the production of hormones by the adrenal cortex
- What are the relationships between estrogen levels and GnRH?
- low estrogen -> GnRH moderate estrogen -/> GnRH high estrogen-> GnRH