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Endocrinology (Psychobiology of Women)

Terms

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endocrine glands
produces hormones ductless glands- release hormones directly into blood hormones only act at target tissue where there are receptors for the hormone
What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
None
Estrogens- Estradiol -target tissue -reproductive effects
every cell of body proliferation of endometrial cells during the follicular phase of the monthly cycle build up of mammary tissue in the breast during luteal phase and pregnancy proliferation of muscle cells to uterus during pregnancy
Estrogens- Estradiol -non-reproductive effects
control fat storage increases general activity level suppresses food intake and appetite softens skin, maintains skin thickness and resilience affects bone development blood pressure (natural prevents marked increases and decreases of bp; synthetic increases bp)
Progesterone -target tissue -reproductive effects
all cells of the body stimulate the secretion of fats and glycogen into the endometrial cells in the luteal phase stimulate mammary gland development during the luteal phase and during pregnancy prevents coordinated contractions of the uterus during pregnancy
Progesterone -non-reproductive effects
controls fat storage (reverse effect of estrogen and increases the rate of storage of excess calories as fat) stimulates food intake and appetite prevents coordinated contractions of smooth muscle throughout the body (basis of diarrhea or constipation during the luteal phase) prevents marked increases/decreases in bp causes somnolence
Hypothalamus is responsible for...?
emotional control, thirst, pituitary (endocrine)
What is hypophysis?
pituitary
Neurohypophysis -refers to? -produces hormones? -contains?
Posterior pituitary (brain like tissue not by the brain) transition area, does not produce hormones contains terminals of axons from cells in the para ventricular and supraoptic hypothalamus
What does the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus produce?
Oxytocin
Functions of Oxytocin
stimulates milk let-down during breast feeding -primary stimulus for oxytocin release is suckling at the breast -oxytocin production and release can be conditioned to occur to stimuli related to suckling such as a crying baby stimulates contractions of the uterus -high levels at labor -administration of synthetic oxytocin (Pitocin) can stimulate labor tend and befriend- emotional attachment to others
What does the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus produce?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also called arginine vasopressin (AVP)
Functions of antidiurectic hormone
promotes retention of water by blocking water loss in urine increases blood pressure
What does LH and FSH inhibit?
GnRH
Adrenal Medulla
may or may not be an endocrine gland produces adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to stress
Adrenal Cortex
produces and release hormones in respone to stimulation from tropic hormone ACTH
mineralocorticoids
regulate levels of minerals and electrolytes such as sodium and potassium
glucocorticoids
control glucose metabolism and food intake
Adrenal cortex produces what hormones?
glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids sex steroids
What are the sex steroids produced by the adrenal cortex?
estrogen progesterone androgen
What is the major source of androgen for women?
adrenal cortex
What is the advantage of the localized conversion of androstenedione to testosterone in women?
allows for localized powerful androgen actions without total masculinization of the female body
Actions of Androgen
stimulates the growth of pubic and underarm hair acne control of sex drive
Peptide hormones
water soluable long chains of amino acid cannot cross blood brain barrier ADH, oxytocin, most tropic and releasing hormones
Steroid hormones
fat soluble smaller can cross blood brain barrier estrogen, androgen, progesterone, mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
What is the order of sex steroid production from cholesterol to estradiol?
cholesterol, progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol
What can androstenedione be converted into?
estrial, estrone, testosterone
What is the median eminence?
nucleus at the base of the hypothalamus where releasing factors enter the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system
What is the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system?
specialized blood vessel system which transports releasing hormones throught the infindibulum from the median eminence to the anterior pituitary
What is the role of LH in men?
stimulation of androgen production by testes
What is the role of FSH in men?
stimulates the production of sperm
What is the role of FSH?
stimulates growth of follicles in preovulatory phase works with LH to stimulate ovulation
What is the role of LH?
stimulates estrogen production by the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum works with FSH to stimulate ovulation
What is the role of prolactin (PRL)?
stimulates milk production by mammary glands stimulates progesterone production
List the Releasing Hormones
Thyrotropic hormone releasing hormone Sommatostain Growth hormone releasing hormone corticotropin releasing hormone gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone dopamine prolactin stimulating hormone
Inhibin
produced by ovarian follicle and corpus luteum and acts at the anterior pituitary to inhibit the production of FSH
What is the Adenohypophysis? What are its functions?
Anterior pituitary produce and release tropic hormones in respone to releasing hormone
List the Tropic Hormones
Growth hormone, LH, FSH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone, ACTH, Thyroid stimulating hormone, beta-lipotropic hormone, prolactin
What are tropic hormones?
hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and triggered by releasing hormones to act at specific endocrine glands
What are releasing hormones?
hormones produced by the hypothalamus and act at anterior pituitary to produce tropic hormones
Beta-lipotropic hormone (BLPH)
large molecules in which endorphins come counters pain in labor (somewhat amnesiac)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
suppresses appetite increases total amount of pigments in the skin exposure to sunlight stimulates production and secretion of MSH related to learning in other parts of the body
Growth Hormone (somatomammotropin)
produced by anterior pituitary and acts at liver controls growth of body
Thyroid stimulating hormone
produced at anterior pituitary and acts at thyroid to control metabolism
Adrentocorticotropic Hormone
produced and secreted by anterior pituitary, increases production of androgens stimulates the production of hormones by the adrenal cortex
What are the relationships between estrogen levels and GnRH?
low estrogen -> GnRH moderate estrogen -/> GnRH high estrogen-> GnRH

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