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Human Bio Exam 2

Terms

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Axial Skeleton
skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Appendicular Skeleton
clavilce, ulna, radius, humerus, carpals, etc.
Anatomy of bones
living tissue
Osteocytes
bone cells
Spongy bone
full of holes rich blood supply
Compact bone
more rigid tightly packed
Bones are composed of:
calcium and collagen
Calcium
hardens or ossifies cartilage
Osteoblasts
bone building cells remove calcium from blood
Osteoclasts
bone resorbing cells release calcium into blood
Skeletal muscle
striated voluntary activated by nervous system
calcium storage
balance between body's need for calcium
Calcotonin
released with high calcium in blood
Parathyroid hormone
causes calcium release from bones
Fibroblasts
break area is invaded
Fibrous joints
structures of the skull
cartiligineous joints
immoveable; intervertebral disks
Synovial joints
moveable hinge joints ball and socket joints
Osteoperosis
decreased bone density treated by increasing calcium intake and light exercise
Osteoarthritis
wearing of cartilage
cardiac
striated involuntary
smooth muscle
unstriated involuntary digestive tract
Origin
point at which muscle is moveable
insertion
attachment point of muscle that moves the joint
Antaganostic
moves a joint in the opposite direction
whole muscle
composed of multiple muscle fasicles
muscle fasicle
muscle fibers/ cells
myofibrils
composed of sarcomeres
tropomyosin
blocks myosin binding sites on actin filament
Troponin
holds tropomyosin in blocking position
neuromuscular junction
connection between nervous system and muscle fiber
acetylcholine
binds muscle cells and triggers electrical impulse into muscle
motor unit
allows the control of a muscle contraction
muscle simulation
electronic instrument that delivers very low electrical impulses
oxygen debt
cannot keep electron transport system running
fast twitch
large amounts of force short time
slow twitch
slow, steady amount of force long time
atrioventricular
sits betweeb atria and ventricle prevents back flow into aorta
semilunar
between ventricle and either atria or pulmonary trunk prevents back flow into ventricle
chordae tendinae
supports atrioventricular valves prevetns it from opening backwards
closure of valves
causes heart sound
heart murmur
valve isn't sealing
artery
carries blood away from the heart
veins
carries blood to the heart
systolic
ventricle contracts
diastolic
ventricle relaxes
systole
ventricle contracts and empties
diastole
ventricle relaxes and fills
carotid artery
blood flow to the head
jugular vein
blood from head to heart
aorta
blood from heart to body
vena cava
blood from body to heart
pulmonary trunk/arteries
blood to lungs
pulmonary vein
blood from lungs to heart
coronary artery
blood to heart muscle
arteries
used to control where blood flows
capillaries
nutrients can diffuse out of blood
skeletal muscle pump
contractions squeeze veins and force more blood back to heart
Atherosclerosis
cholesterl plaque accumulates to prevent blood flow
high blood pressure
heart thickens and becomes less elastic heart must work harder
medcine
drugs can be used as treatment
balloon angiplasty
expanded balloon pushes plaque against walls and opens vessels
coronary bypass
transplant vein from leg into heart
stroke
obstruction in arteries feeding brain
nose
filters air humidifies incoming air
pharynx
back of throat
layrnx
voice box
trachea
rigid, cartiligineous rings prevents collasping during inhalation
bronchi
carry air to and from lungs
alveoli
primary site for gas exchange
eiglottis
flap covering seals off trachea
diaphragm
during contraction, it drops and flattens out
relaxation
pillows up toward chest
intercostals
muscles that pull on ribs
inspiration
ribs separate and lift
expiration
ribs move down and inward
ventilation
movement of air across the lungs
gas exchange
alveoli sits next to pulmonary capillaries
lung volumes
can hold between 5 and 6 liters at full capacity
carotid body
measures contractions of oxygen and carbon dioxide
hemoglobin
red pigment protein
anemia
iron deficinecy
pneumonia
viral/bacterial infection long term chest infection
tuberculosis
bacterial infection
emphysema
caused by damage to alveoli decrease in gas exhange

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