Human Bio Exam 2
Terms
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- Axial Skeleton
- skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
- Appendicular Skeleton
- clavilce, ulna, radius, humerus, carpals, etc.
- Anatomy of bones
- living tissue
- Osteocytes
- bone cells
- Spongy bone
- full of holes rich blood supply
- Compact bone
- more rigid tightly packed
- Bones are composed of:
- calcium and collagen
- Calcium
- hardens or ossifies cartilage
- Osteoblasts
- bone building cells remove calcium from blood
- Osteoclasts
- bone resorbing cells release calcium into blood
- Skeletal muscle
- striated voluntary activated by nervous system
- calcium storage
- balance between body's need for calcium
- Calcotonin
- released with high calcium in blood
- Parathyroid hormone
- causes calcium release from bones
- Fibroblasts
- break area is invaded
- Fibrous joints
- structures of the skull
- cartiligineous joints
- immoveable; intervertebral disks
- Synovial joints
- moveable hinge joints ball and socket joints
- Osteoperosis
- decreased bone density treated by increasing calcium intake and light exercise
- Osteoarthritis
- wearing of cartilage
- cardiac
- striated involuntary
- smooth muscle
- unstriated involuntary digestive tract
- Origin
- point at which muscle is moveable
- insertion
- attachment point of muscle that moves the joint
- Antaganostic
- moves a joint in the opposite direction
- whole muscle
- composed of multiple muscle fasicles
- muscle fasicle
- muscle fibers/ cells
- myofibrils
- composed of sarcomeres
- tropomyosin
- blocks myosin binding sites on actin filament
- Troponin
- holds tropomyosin in blocking position
- neuromuscular junction
- connection between nervous system and muscle fiber
- acetylcholine
- binds muscle cells and triggers electrical impulse into muscle
- motor unit
- allows the control of a muscle contraction
- muscle simulation
- electronic instrument that delivers very low electrical impulses
- oxygen debt
- cannot keep electron transport system running
- fast twitch
- large amounts of force short time
- slow twitch
- slow, steady amount of force long time
- atrioventricular
- sits betweeb atria and ventricle prevents back flow into aorta
- semilunar
- between ventricle and either atria or pulmonary trunk prevents back flow into ventricle
- chordae tendinae
- supports atrioventricular valves prevetns it from opening backwards
- closure of valves
- causes heart sound
- heart murmur
- valve isn't sealing
- artery
- carries blood away from the heart
- veins
- carries blood to the heart
- systolic
- ventricle contracts
- diastolic
- ventricle relaxes
- systole
- ventricle contracts and empties
- diastole
- ventricle relaxes and fills
- carotid artery
- blood flow to the head
- jugular vein
- blood from head to heart
- aorta
- blood from heart to body
- vena cava
- blood from body to heart
- pulmonary trunk/arteries
- blood to lungs
- pulmonary vein
- blood from lungs to heart
- coronary artery
- blood to heart muscle
- arteries
- used to control where blood flows
- capillaries
- nutrients can diffuse out of blood
- skeletal muscle pump
- contractions squeeze veins and force more blood back to heart
- Atherosclerosis
- cholesterl plaque accumulates to prevent blood flow
- high blood pressure
- heart thickens and becomes less elastic heart must work harder
- medcine
- drugs can be used as treatment
- balloon angiplasty
- expanded balloon pushes plaque against walls and opens vessels
- coronary bypass
- transplant vein from leg into heart
- stroke
- obstruction in arteries feeding brain
- nose
- filters air humidifies incoming air
- pharynx
- back of throat
- layrnx
- voice box
- trachea
- rigid, cartiligineous rings prevents collasping during inhalation
- bronchi
- carry air to and from lungs
- alveoli
- primary site for gas exchange
- eiglottis
- flap covering seals off trachea
- diaphragm
- during contraction, it drops and flattens out
- relaxation
- pillows up toward chest
- intercostals
- muscles that pull on ribs
- inspiration
- ribs separate and lift
- expiration
- ribs move down and inward
- ventilation
- movement of air across the lungs
- gas exchange
- alveoli sits next to pulmonary capillaries
- lung volumes
- can hold between 5 and 6 liters at full capacity
- carotid body
- measures contractions of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- hemoglobin
- red pigment protein
- anemia
- iron deficinecy
- pneumonia
- viral/bacterial infection long term chest infection
- tuberculosis
- bacterial infection
- emphysema
- caused by damage to alveoli decrease in gas exhange