EFB-486 Ichthyology Exam 2
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- What is the optimal aquadynamic shape? How much drag does it create relative to a disc of the same size?
- Teardrop, maximum diameter one-third to one-half back from the nose; creates 5% of drag that equal size disc would generate
- The angle of attack in a moving fish _____ from head to tail.
- increases
- TURBULENCE WAKE
- Long central outgrowth of the caudal fin
- UNDULATION
- Sinusoidal waves passing down body/fins
- OSCILLATION
- Back-and-forth movement of tail/fins
- In general, how many types of swimming are there?
- 10
- What 5 types of swimming feature the tail?
-
- 1. Anguilliform (eel)
- 2. Subcarangiform (minnow, gar, salmonids)
- 3. Carangiform (jacks, herrings)
- 4. Thunniform (tuna, sharks, billfishes)
- 5. Ostraciform (boxfishes)
- ANGUILLIFORM
- Locomotion using the entire body; slow, manuverable (eels, elongate sharks, larvae)
- SUBCARANGIFORM
- Locomotion that introduces a reliance on the tail and a reduction in body movement; low aspect ratio, quick acceleration, hovering (minnows, gars, barracudas, pikes, salmonids)
- CARANGIFORM
- Locomotion featuring a great reliance on the tail and a functional hinge (jacks, herrings)
- THUNNIFORM
- Locomotion featuring a narrow caudal peduncle, extreme stream-lining, endothermy, and a high aspect ratio (tunas, mackerals, sharks, billfishes, porpoises; CONVERGENT EVOLUTION)
- Ostraciiform
- Locomotion featuring movement of only the tail with the body kept rigid (boxfishes)
- What are the 5 swimming types that feature the fins?
-
- 1. Tetraodontiform (dorsal/anal, triggerfishes)
- 2. Rajiform (pectoral, rays)
- 3. Amiiform (dorsal, seahorses)
- 4. Gymnotiform (anal, knifefishes)
- 5. Labriform (pectoral, chimeras)
- TETRAODONTIFORM
- Locomotion featuring synchronous flapping of the dorsal and anal fins, providing continuous forward thrust (triggerfishes, ocean sunfishes)
- RAJIFORM
- Locomotion featuring back-and-forth undulations of the pectoral fins (skates, rays)
- AMIIFORM
- Locomotion featuring undulation of the dorsal fin (seahorses, bowfins)
- GYMNOTIFORM
- Locomotion featuring undulation of the anal fin (electric fishes, knifefishes)
- LABRIFORM
- Locomotion featuring pectoral fin rowing (chimeras, sturgeonfish, wrasses, reef fishes)
- What are 3 fishes that practice land locomotion?
- Eels, snakeheads, mudskippers
- Does respiration increase at a linear rate with speed?
- No
- AMPHIDROMY
-
FW-SW-FW-FW
or
SW-FW-SW-SW
2nd growth stage after migration - Anadromy is most prevalent in the _____, catadromy is most prevalent in the _____, and amphidromy is most prevalent in the _______.
- North, equatorial zone, north and south
- What % of fishes are diurnal?
- 50-66%
- What % of fishes are nocturnal?
- 25-33%
- What % of fishes are crepuscular?
- 10% (many predators)
- What are 2 reasons fish sleep?
-
- 1. Conserve energy
- 2. Avoid predators during suboptimal vision times
- How long is each tidal period?
- 6.2 hours, highs and lows 2 weeks apart
- What fish lays eggs at high tide and leaves them buried during low tide, then has larvae hatch and leave at high tide?
- Grunion
- What are the 3 types of cues used to determine reproductive seasons?
-
- 1. Predictive (periodic env events,endogenous circannual rhythm)
- 2. Synchronizing (presence of mate)
- 3. Terminating (end of season, gametes resorped)
- What can modify the reproductive season of fishes?
- Nutritional state (female gonad 10-30% of weight), social interactions, water quality, etc.
- ITEROPAROUS
- Spawns more than once in life
- SEMELPAROUS
- Spawns once, then dies
- PROMISCUOUS
- No mate choice, multiple partners for both sexes
- POLYGAMY
- One sex w/many partners (polyandry 1 female, polygyny 1 male)
- MONOGAMOUS
- Pair stays together (ictalurid catfishes, reef fishes, pipefishes, etc.)
- GONOCHORISTIC
- Sex fixed early, unchanging
- SIMULTANEOUS HERMAPHRODITES
- Male + female gonads in one individual (hamlets)
- SEQUENTIAL HERMAPHRODITES
- Protandrous - male to female (anemonefishes), protogynous - female to male (blue-headed wrass)
- What is an example of a nest builder?
- Firemouth cichlid
- What is an example of a fish that builds a nest and guards it?
- Bumblebee gobies, johnny darters, bullheads
- What is the parental process in sticklebacks?
-
- 1. Male builds nest
- 2. Male attracts females to spawn with
- 3. Male cares for young, may take into mouth if in danger
- What is the special nesting behavior of the South American characin?
- Jumps from water and sticks eggs to leaf, then splashes them to keep them wet till they hatch
- What fish feeds its young from its slime coat?
- Discus
- What does a synodontis catfish in Lake Tanganyika do with its eggs?
- Lays them among cichlid eggs so cichlids carry cat eggs safely
- What fish has asymmetrical reproductive organs?
- Four-eyed fish
- Most fish provide what level of parental care to eggs?
- None