marine science
Terms
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- Volcanic island chains
- islands formed by moving plates over errupting volcanoes
- microfossils
- fossils of micro organisms found in sediment on the sea floor you can tell the relative age of the sediments
- fracture zones
- elonged zone of unusuably ireegular topography of the ocean floor characterized by seamounts, steep-sided or asymmetrical ridges, trough, or long step slopes
- subduction zone
-
plane decending away from a trench separating a sinking oceanic plate from an overriding plate usually associtated with trenches and active volcanoes
lithosphere sinks into the mantle and is resorbed trenches get deeper - asthenosphere
-
under the lithospehere and in the upper layer of the mantle
250kilo below continents - lithosphere
-
earth's rigid outer layer
50-100 kilo thick
floats in asthenosphere - calories
- the amoutn of heat needed to heat one gram of water one degree celcius
- Latent Heat
- the energy required to break a bond
- Density
-
ice becomes less dess with increasing temperature
and density is affected by temperature
ration between mass and volume - salinity
- the amount of salt in grams dissolved in one kilogram in seawater
- hydrogen bonds
- occur when two water molecules share the same hydrogen atom
- phase change
- when water becomes solid or gas
- polar molecules
- the charge on the molecules are zero however the structure causes it to behave as it had a positive side and a negative side
- 5 remarkable properties of water
-
second highest heat capacity-absorbes heat the best
latent heat of fusion-the temperature at which water freezes
latent heat of evaporation-heat at which it evaporates
surface tension-highest of all liquids
dissolving power-disolves most substances and in greater quantity than any other liquid
transperancy- very see through - dipolar
- oxygen molecules have 3 electron pairs because the hydrogen bonds are uneven
- what happens when salt dissolves in water
-
bonds in atoms and molecules break
because the interaction with crystal lattices and water molecules - melting point of water
- 0 degrees celicus
- temperature
- measure of heat
- why do hydrogen bonds raise the boiling point of water
- because the bonds are very strong which requires more heat to break the bonds
- what is the extra heat that is needed to break all of the hydrogen bonds of liquid water and change it into steam called? what's its value?
-
latent heat
539 cal - is heat gained or lost when condensation occurs
- heat is lost because the gas is becoming a liquid meaning it has to decrease in temperature
- as ice melts what happens to the temperature of the slurry until all of the ice is gone?
- it just stays at 0
- at normal pressures how hot can boiling water be?
- it stays at 100degrees celicius until all the water evaporates
- how many calories are required to change 1 gram of water to steam
- 540 degrees
- why is the latent heat of evaporation greater than the latent heat of melting
-
becuase when ice melts only some of the hydrogen bonds are broken
when water evaporates, all the hydrogen bonds are broken - at what temperature at it's greater density
- 3.98 degrees celcius
- what are the major elements found in sea water
-
chloride and sodium
there are many others such as sulfate, magnesium, calcium, and potassium - geostrophic currents
- current resulting from the balance between gravitational forces and the coriolis effect
- pycnocline
- deeper you go the higher density it gets
- biogenous
- shells, skeletons,
- hydrogenous
- particles precepitated from solution and water
- lithogenous
- composed of mineral grains
- cosmogenous
- particles from outerspace
- what factors influence the type of sediments found in an area
-
the size of the particle
orgANisms that eat them
whether or not they are in a river - describe how surface area size and density can affect the settling rate of a particle
- the heavier it is, sinks faster