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Circulatory System

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What is the central layer of elastic tissue and smooth muscle in the artery known as?
The tunica media.
What is the function of the hepatic artery?
Carries oxygenated blood to the liver.
What is atherosclerosis?
Hardening of the arteries caused by deposits of fats and cholesterol on the inner walls of the arteries.
What is the pressure of deoxygenated blood?
Between 0 and 10 mmHg.
Which valves prevent backflow of blood between ventricles and atria?
Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid).
Name the three parts of the artery.
Endothelium, elastin and smooth muscle, outer connective tissue.
When does the sinoatric node send out a pulse?
Every 0.85 seconds.
What kind of blood does the pulmonary system carry?
Deoxygenated.
Function of the circulatory system (gases).
Regulates oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood.
How can blood pressure be increased or decreased in the arterioles?
Contraction or relaxation of the walls to increase resistance and increase blood pressure.
What prevents the AV valves from inverting during ventricular systole?
Chordae tendinae.
What is the difference between the superior and inferior vena cava?
The superior carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right ventricle, the inferior from the lower body.
What is the function of the renal vein?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the kidneys.
How are capillary sphincters controlled?
By skeletal muscle movement.
What is found in the structure of the veins?
Valves, because the low blood pressure risks backflow.
What kind of blood does the systemic system carry?
Oxygenated.
List seven things transported by the blood.
Nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat.
Function of the circulatory system (heat).
Regulates body heat.
What causes the atria to contract?
The sinoatrial node, or pacemaker.
What carries blood from the arteries to the capillaries?
Arterioles.
List the five components of the blood.
Plasma, erythrocytes, phagocytes, lymphocytes and platelets.
Between heartbeats the arteries undergo...
elastic recoil and contract, to smooth out the flow of blood through the vessel.
Arteries further from the heart have more...
muscle to help them maintain blood pressure.
What carries blood from the veins to the capillaries?
Venules.
What makes a capillary bed an ideal site of diffusion (4)?
Low blood pressure (40 mmHg), small diameter slows bloodflow, walls one cell thick, great cross-sectional area.
What is the function of the renal artery?
Carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys.
Which valves prevent the backflow of blood between arteries and ventricles?
Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic).
Which part of the brain is the centre of the autonomic nervous system?
The medulla oblongata.
What is the function of the pulmonary vein?
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
What is the function of the aorta?
Carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
What is the function of the vena cava?
Receives deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body.
What is the outer layer of connective tissue, with a lot of elastic tissue, in the artery known as?
The tunica externa.
What are the walls of the arteries like?
Strong, thick and muscular.
What structures serve the function of valves in the capillaries?
Pre and post capillary sphincters.
Function of the circulatory system (hormones).
Carries hormones from the cells that secrete them to the target organs.
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
Carries deoxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the gut for processing.
What is the partition between the two sides of the heart known as?
The septum.
To which nervous system is the S-A node connected?
The autonomic. Sympathetic speeds it, parasympathetic slows it.
What is the function of the mesenteric artery?
Carries oxygenated blood to the gut.
In what direction does the arterial system carry blood?
Away from the heart.
Function of the circulatory system ( cells).
Provides cells with nutrients and takes away their waste.
Function of the circulatory system (illness).
Contains defence mechanisms against invading organisms.
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
What is the function of the hepatic vein?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the liver.
What is the pressure of oxygenated blood?
Between 80 and 120 mmHg
What benefit does vasoconstriction or vasodilation in the arterioles have?
Important in regulating the blood flow into tissues.
What signals the ventricles to contract?
The atrioventricular node.
How does the A-V node signal the ventricles to contract?
Via the Bundle of His and the Purkinje fibres.
What is the thin inner layer of the artery, containing epithelial cells, known as?
The endothelium.

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