Test #1 for Biology
Terms
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- A bond that is made up of shared pairs of electrons.
- Covalent Bonds
-
Covalent bonds can be between atoms of the...
A. Same type
B. Different types
C. Both - C. Both
- In a covalent bond, how many maximum electrons can be shared?
- Three
-
Bond strength is ________ proportional to bond strength:
A. Directly
B. Indirectly - A. Directly
- What is special about polar covalent molecules?
- Part of the molecule is more negative whereas the other part is more positive.
- Hydrogen bonds are between what kinds of molecules?
- Polar covalent molecules
-
Hydrogen bonds are...
A. Strong Bonds
B. Weak Bonds - B. Weak Bonds
-
Collectively, however, hydrogen bonds are very...
A. Weak
B. Strong - B. Strong
- Hydrogen bonds are important in these three macromolecules.
- Water, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins.
- In this type of bond, one atom loses an electron while the other atom gains an electron.
- Ionic Bonding.
- Positive ionic bonds are attracted to _______ ionic bonds.
- Negative
- Ionic bonds can be broken and stable in what universal solvent?
- Water
-
What is the proper order of bonds strength, from strongest to weakest?
A. Covalent> Hydrogen> Ionic
B. Ionic> Covalent> Hydrogen
C. Covalent> Ionic> Hydrogen - C. Covalent> Ionic> Hydrogen
- What is a positive ion called?
- A Cation
- What is a negative ion called?
- An Anion
- When an atom loses two electrons to an ionic bond, what is the atom called?
- A Divalent Anion
- When an atom gains two electrons to an ionic bond, what is the atom called?
- A Divalent Cation
- When an atom loses three electrons to an ionic bond, what is the atom called?
- A Trivalent Anion
- When an atom gains three electrons to an ionic bond, what is the atom called?
- A Trivalent Cation
- What is is the very weak attraction based on mass referred to as?
- Van Der Waals Forces.
- Water is these three things...
- Cohesive, Adhesive, and a Solvent.
- Water lays claim to these awesome properties.
- It has a high specific heat and ice floats on water.
- Water molecules stick together with what kind of bonds?
- Hydrogen bonds
- What is cohesiveness?
- Where like things stick together
- What is adhesiveness?
- Where unlike things stick together
- The ability of water to spontaneously rise in a narrow tube is called what?
- Capillary action
- Why is water such a good solvent?
- Because it is polar.
- Water is very important in plants and animals with _____ systems.
- Vascular
- Why, exactly, is water so important in plants and animals with vascular systems?
- Because everything that is delivered in vascular systems is dissolved in water.
- Water is important because in plants and animals it is used for these three things.
- Transport, obtaining nutreints, and metabolism.
- Why does water resist temperature change?
- It acts as excellent insulation
-
Water determines ___ and ___.
A. Weather and Humidity
B. Humidty and Temperature
C. Climate and Weather
D. Temperature and Climate - C. Climate and Weather
- Why is it so important that ice floats?
- It keeps organisms at the bottom of a body of water from freezing.
- OH- is what kind of ion?
- A hydroxyl ion
- H+ is also known as...?
- A proton
- Any molecule that can donate a proton is referred to as a(n) ____.
- Acid
- Any molecule that can accept a proton is referred to as a(n) ____.
- Base
- pH is defined as?
- The negative logarithm of the concentration of protons.
-
On the pH scale, water is-
A. Acidic
B. Neutral
C. Basic - B. Neutral
- Any pH less than 7 is known as a(n) ____.
- Acid
- Any pH more than 7 is known as a(n) ____.
- Base
- Coke, sugars, tooth decay, and stomach, citric, and nucleic acids are all...
- Acids
-
Acids are the ____ end of _____.
A. Carboxyl, Nucleic Acids
B. Hydroxyl, Nucleic Acids
C. Carboxyl, Amino Acids
D. Hydroxyl, Amino Acids - C. Carboxyl, Amino Acids
- Buffers are what?
- A mixture of a weak acid and a weak base.
-
Buffers...
A. Catalyze changes in pH
B. Resist changes in pH
C. Don't care about changes in pH - B. Resist changes in pH
- Why are buffers important to enzymes?
- Because enzymes are sensitive to small changes in pH.
- Perameters (factors) in homeostasis include these four things.
- pH, Temperature, Osmolarity, and Pressure.
- All living organisms have all four types of ______.
- Macromolecules
- Two exceptions to the above rule are _____ and ____.
- Viruses and prions
- The four macromolecules are:
- Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids, and Carbohydrates.
- Macromolecules are made of subunits called:
- Monomers and Polymers
- Polymerization is the process of what?
- The process of joining monomers into a polymer.
-
In a condensation reaction, water is ______.
A. Added
B. Removed - B. Removed
- Covalent bonds are the ____ _____ of all macromolecules.
- Basic Backbone
- Specific types of bonds include these four bonds:
- Peptide, Glycosidic, Ester, and Phosphodiester bonds.
- The functions of proteins include these four things.
- Cytoskeletons, Stabilization of DNA, Signals, Receptors of Signals, and Toxins, and Enzymes.
- Enzymes are...
- Catalysts, specific, usually proteins, and sensitive to their environment.
-
Enzymes end in:
A. -ise
B. -ese
C. -ase
D. -ose - C. -ase
- Proteins are made up of what kind of subunits?
- Monomers (amino acids, specifically)
- Proteins are connected by what kinds of bonds?
- Polypeptide
- Why are proteins polypeptide bonds and not peptide bonds?
- Because proteins are made up of 200 or more amino acids long.
- The primary level of protein organization is responsible for what?
- The order of amino acids.
- The secondary level of protein organization is responsible for what?
- How the polypeptide folds
- The tertiary level of protein organization is responsible for what?
- The 3D structure of a protein
- The quaternary level of protein organization is responsible for what?
- How two or more polypeptides join to form active proteins
- Lipids come three fun shapes and sizes! What are they?
- Fats, oils, and waxes
- The functions of lipids are these three things.
- Cell membrane, energy storage, and cell regulation
- The three types of lipids, specifically, are...?
- Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
- The triglyceride backbone is made of...?
- Glycerol
- Fatty acids interact with the hydroxyl ions in glycerol to create what type of bond?
- Ester
- Fatty acids are long, unbranched chains of _____ with Carbonyl-OR-Hydroxyl at one end.
- Carbon with carbonyl at one end
- There is room for how many fatty acids on each glycerol?
- Three
-
Saturated fatty acids have a ____ melting point than unsaturated fatty acids.
A. Higher
B. Lower - A. Higher
- These fats are the healthy ones.
- Unsaturated
- A saturated fatty acid always has all possible positions on a Carbon occupied by a ____.
- Hydrogen
- An unsaturated fatty acid always has a _____ bond with neighboring carbons.
- Double
-
Cell membranes are made up of...
A. Lipids
B. Carbohydrates
C. Phospholipids - C. Phospholipids
- Phospholipids have a _____ backbone.
- Glycerol
- Amphipathic means these two things.
- One end is polar and the other end is nonpolar.
- Phospholipds will spontaneously form a ______ in water.
- Bilayer
- All membranes of all cells are made up of _____ layers.
- Bilipid
- Steroids all are made up of four ____-_____.
- Carbon-rings
- The function of steroids is to do what?
- Make membranes more fluid
- The function of carbohydrates are these three things.
- Energy storage, signalling and recognition, and plant cell walls.