Test #1 for Biology

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A bond that is made up of shared pairs of electrons.: Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds can be between atoms of the... A. Same type B. Different types C. Both: C. Both
In a covalent bond, how many maximum electrons can be shared?: Three
Bond strength is ________ proportional to bond strength: A. Directly B. Indirectly: A. Directly
What is special about polar covalent molecules?: Part of the molecule is more negative whereas the other part is more positive.
Hydrogen bonds are between what kinds of molecules?: Polar covalent molecules
Hydrogen bonds are... A. Strong Bonds B. Weak Bonds: B. Weak Bonds
Collectively, however, hydrogen bonds are very... A. Weak B. Strong: B. Strong
Hydrogen bonds are important in these three macromolecules.: Water, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins.
In this type of bond, one atom loses an electron while the other atom gains an electron.: Ionic Bonding.
Positive ionic bonds are attracted to _______ ionic bonds.: Negative
Ionic bonds can be broken and stable in what universal solvent?: Water
What is the proper order of bonds strength, from strongest to weakest? A. Covalent> Hydrogen> Ionic B. Ionic> Covalent> Hydrogen C. Covalent> Ionic> Hydrogen: C. Covalent> Ionic> Hydrogen
What is a positive ion called?: A Cation
What is a negative ion called?: An Anion
When an atom loses two electrons to an ionic bond, what is the atom called?: A Divalent Anion
When an atom gains two electrons to an ionic bond, what is the atom called?: A Divalent Cation
When an atom loses three electrons to an ionic bond, what is the atom called?: A Trivalent Anion
When an atom gains three electrons to an ionic bond, what is the atom called?: A Trivalent Cation
What is is the very weak attraction based on mass referred to as?: Van Der Waals Forces.
Water is these three things...: Cohesive, Adhesive, and a Solvent.
Water lays claim to these awesome properties.: It has a high specific heat and ice floats on water.
Water molecules stick together with what kind of bonds?: Hydrogen bonds
What is cohesiveness?: Where like things stick together
What is adhesiveness?: Where unlike things stick together
The ability of water to spontaneously rise in a narrow tube is called what?: Capillary action
Why is water such a good solvent?: Because it is polar.
Water is very important in plants and animals with _____ systems.: Vascular
Why, exactly, is water so important in plants and animals with vascular systems?: Because everything that is delivered in vascular systems is dissolved in water.
Water is important because in plants and animals it is used for these three things.: Transport, obtaining nutreints, and metabolism.
Why does water resist temperature change?: It acts as excellent insulation
Water determines ___ and ___. A. Weather and Humidity B. Humidty and Temperature C. Climate and Weather D. Temperature and Climate: C. Climate and Weather
Why is it so important that ice floats?: It keeps organisms at the bottom of a body of water from freezing.
OH- is what kind of ion?: A hydroxyl ion
H+ is also known as...?: A proton
Any molecule that can donate a proton is referred to as a(n) ____.: Acid
Any molecule that can accept a proton is referred to as a(n) ____.: Base
pH is defined as?: The negative logarithm of the concentration of protons.
On the pH scale, water is- A. Acidic B. Neutral C. Basic: B. Neutral
Any pH less than 7 is known as a(n) ____.: Acid
Any pH more than 7 is known as a(n) ____.: Base
Coke, sugars, tooth decay, and stomach, citric, and nucleic acids are all...: Acids
Acids are the ____ end of _____. A. Carboxyl, Nucleic Acids B. Hydroxyl, Nucleic Acids C. Carboxyl, Amino Acids D. Hydroxyl, Amino Acids: C. Carboxyl, Amino Acids
Buffers are what?: A mixture of a weak acid and a weak base.
Buffers... A. Catalyze changes in pH B. Resist changes in pH C. Don't care about changes in pH: B. Resist changes in pH
Why are buffers important to enzymes?: Because enzymes are sensitive to small changes in pH.
Perameters (factors) in homeostasis include these four things.: pH, Temperature, Osmolarity, and Pressure.
All living organisms have all four types of ______.: Macromolecules
Two exceptions to the above rule are _____ and ____.: Viruses and prions
The four macromolecules are:: Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids, and Carbohydrates.
Macromolecules are made of subunits called:: Monomers and Polymers
Polymerization is the process of what?: The process of joining monomers into a polymer.
In a condensation reaction, water is ______. A. Added B. Removed: B. Removed
Covalent bonds are the ____ _____ of all macromolecules.: Basic Backbone
Specific types of bonds include these four bonds:: Peptide, Glycosidic, Ester, and Phosphodiester bonds.
The functions of proteins include these four things.: Cytoskeletons, Stabilization of DNA, Signals, Receptors of Signals, and Toxins, and Enzymes.
Enzymes are...: Catalysts, specific, usually proteins, and sensitive to their environment.
Enzymes end in: A. -ise B. -ese C. -ase D. -ose: C. -ase
Proteins are made up of what kind of subunits?: Monomers (amino acids, specifically)
Proteins are connected by what kinds of bonds?: Polypeptide
Why are proteins polypeptide bonds and not peptide bonds?: Because proteins are made up of 200 or more amino acids long.
The primary level of protein organization is responsible for what?: The order of amino acids.
The secondary level of protein organization is responsible for what?: How the polypeptide folds
The tertiary level of protein organization is responsible for what?: The 3D structure of a protein
The quaternary level of protein organization is responsible for what?: How two or more polypeptides join to form active proteins
Lipids come three fun shapes and sizes! What are they?: Fats, oils, and waxes
The functions of lipids are these three things.: Cell membrane, energy storage, and cell regulation
The three types of lipids, specifically, are...?: Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
The triglyceride backbone is made of...?: Glycerol
Fatty acids interact with the hydroxyl ions in glycerol to create what type of bond?: Ester
Fatty acids are long, unbranched chains of _____ with Carbonyl-OR-Hydroxyl at one end.: Carbon with carbonyl at one end
There is room for how many fatty acids on each glycerol?: Three
Saturated fatty acids have a ____ melting point than unsaturated fatty acids. A. Higher B. Lower: A. Higher
These fats are the healthy ones.: Unsaturated
A saturated fatty acid always has all possible positions on a Carbon occupied by a ____.: Hydrogen
An unsaturated fatty acid always has a _____ bond with neighboring carbons.: Double
Cell membranes are made up of... A. Lipids B. Carbohydrates C. Phospholipids: C. Phospholipids
Phospholipids have a _____ backbone.: Glycerol
Amphipathic means these two things.: One end is polar and the other end is nonpolar.
Phospholipds will spontaneously form a ______ in water.: Bilayer
All membranes of all cells are made up of _____ layers.: Bilipid
Steroids all are made up of four ____-_____.: Carbon-rings
The function of steroids is to do what?: Make membranes more fluid
The function of carbohydrates are these three things.: Energy storage, signalling and recognition, and plant cell walls.

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