Psychology Test III
Terms
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- Intelligence
- construct referring to a set of abilities
- Intelligence is the ability to:
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* classify patterns
* modify behavior adaptively
* reason deductively
* develop and use conceptual models
* understand - Spearman's G
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* they may have strengths, but it is likely if you are high, you will be relatively high on all "intelligence" tasks
* and vice versa - Gardner's Multiple Intelligence
- each intelligence is distinct and independent
- Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
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1. componential intelligent behavior- book smart
2. experiential intelligent behavior- creative
3. contextual intelligent- street smart - Intelligent Testing
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- Standford-Binet (SB)
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
- Wechsler Intelligence for Children (WISC) -
Correlations:
Intelligence and Job Performance - correlations range between +.20 and +.70
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Correlations:
Intelligence and Academic Achievement - correlation around +.50
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Correlations:
"Academic" and "Practical" Intelligence - correlation generally around +.20 or lower
- Viscera
- everything except the central nervous system
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Emotion:
James-Lang Theory - "We are afraid because we run"
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Emotion:
Cannon-Bard Theory - "We run because we are afraid"
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Emotion:
Schater-Singer -
arousal-->cognition-->feeling
* we feel what we decide based on what is going on around us - Misattribution of Arousal
- think arousal is coming from one place but is from another
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Motivation (in the workplace):
Instinct Theroy - all behavior is reflexive at some level
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Motivation (in the workplace):
Drive Reduction Theory - behavior is motivated to preserve homeostatis--> body likes to be just satisfied
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Motivations (workplace):
Incentive Theory - we behave to achieve certain goals
- Industrial-organizational Psychology (I/O)
- psychological theories in methods to evaluate and improve workplaces
- Intrinsic Motivation
- comes from an inherent pleasure you experience while doing the task
- Extrinsic Motivation
- comes from the rewards given to you externally for doing a task
- Issue of Overjustification
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When one is rewarded for doing a task:
- it may be their joy for the task (intrinsic)
- it may be the reward they get (extrinsic) - Deci and Ryan
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* activity will increase during reward
* activity is reduced after reward is withdrawn - Eisenberger and Cameron
- * verbal reward increase activity after reward- variable interval conditioning
- Equity Theory
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* workers who receieve rewards higher or lower than coworkers with equlivalent contributions are under or overpaid
* only exists if you think you are getting paid exactly what you deserve - What happens to those who think they are over or underpaid?
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* underpaid- will decrease performace
* overpaid- will increase performance - Flow
- a state of concentration so focused that it amounts to absolute absorption in an activiy
- Creating Optimal Experience
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Perfect match between:
* task difficulty (challenge)
* level of ability (skill) - Affiliation
- desire to establish social contacts with each other
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Attraction:
The Proximity Effect - who you are near, increased oppurtunity
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Attraction:
Mere Exposure Effect - who you see often, increased familiarity
- Two Limitations of Mere Exposure
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1. if you initially dislike someone, repeated exposure will make it worse
2. with overexposure, the effect is worse - Evolutionary Theory
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*Males- low investment, motivated to mate with attractive mates often
*Females- high investment, motivated to mate with mates with resources selectively - Females value traits related to:
- resource acquistion
- Males value traits related to:
- reproductive capacity
- US data: Men and women agree on top five triats
- sense of humor, intelligence, kindness, maturity, and loyalty
- Women would not settle for less in:
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* responsiveness
* social status
* interpersonal power - Men would not settle for less in:
- * attractiveness
- Deceiver's Distrust Phenomenon
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* if you tell a lie, there is a threat to your ego
* this motivates you to protect you ego
* you do this by believing that others are not honest either (false consensus) - How will the first date go?
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* we like people who are similar to us
* we like people like us (reciprocity)
* we like people who are socially selective - What is Stress?
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* pro and neg life events can cause stress
* greater when events are unpredictable
* greater when events are uncontrollable - Sympathetic Nervous System
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* responsible for flight or fight response
* Epinephrine and Norepinephrine released - What happens during stress?
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* pupil dilation
* salivation
* increases heartbeat
* relaxes bladder - Hypothalamus
- responisble for starting fight or flight response- located in the temporal lobe, limbic system
- Fast track
- adrenal glands-->nor and epinerphrine
- Slow Track
- HPA axis-->adrenal glands--> glucocorticoids
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Dual Nature of Stress:
Short Term -
Good:
* energy mobilization
* inhibition of inflammation
* resistance to infection
* increased blood flow -
Dual Nature of Stess:
Long Term -
Bad:
* enlarged adrenal glands
* gastric ulcers
* increased susceptibility to infection
* and much more - Type A Personality
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* increased risk of heart disease
* most likely due to hostile component of personality
* inability to express anger - Type D Personality
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* similar to type A
* increased role of social anxiety - Social Affiliation
- reduces basline experience of stress
- Meta-cognition
- thinking about thinking