Business: Ch 10, 11, 12
Terms
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- intrinsic reward
- satisfaction from performing well and completing goals
- extrinsic reward
- given for recognition for good work (ex. pay increase, promotions)
- scientific management
- studying workers to find the most efficient methods and teaching those methods
- time-motion studies
- studies of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task
- principle of motion economy
- theory that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions
- Hawthorne effect
- tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied
- Maslow's hierarchy
- theory of motivations based on unmet human needs
- motivators
- job factors that give employees to be productive and give them satisfaction
- hygiene factors
- job factors that cause dissatisfaction if missing, but do not necessarily motivate
- job enrichment
- strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself
- job enlargement
- job enrichment strategy that involves combining tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment
- job rotation
- job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another
- goal-setting theory
- idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals will can motivate workers
- management by objectives (MBO)
- system of setting goals that involves discussion and review among managers/employees
- expectancy theory
- theory that the amount of effort employees put into a task depends on their expectations of the outcome
- reinforcement theory
- theory that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a persons behavior
- equity theory
- idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions
- human resource management
- process of determining human resource needs and the recruiting, selecting, and scheduling workers
- job analysis
- study of what is done by employees who hold various job titles
- job description
- summary of the objectives of a job, the type of work, and duties
- job specification
- minimum qualifications required of workers
- recruitment
- set of activities used to obtain a sufficient number of workers
- selection
- process of gathering info and deciding who should be hired
- contingent workers
- workers who do not have the expectation of regular/full-time employment
- training and development
- an attempt to improve productivity by increasing ability to perform
- employee orientation
- activity that introduces a new employee to the other employees
- on-the-job training
- employee learns by doing, or watches other employees
- apprentice program
- training program in which a learner works alongside an experienced employee
- off-the-job training
- training that occurs away from the workplace
- online training
- training program in which employees "attend" classes via internet
- vestibule training
- training schools where employees are taught with equipment similar to that used on the job
- job simulation
- the use of equipment that duplicates job conditions and tasks
- management development
- process of training and educating employees to become managers
- networking
- process of establishing contacts with key managers in an organization
- mentor
- experienced employee who coaches lower level employees
- performance appraisal
- evaluation in which the performance of an employee is measured against standards
- fringe benefits
- sick-leave, vacation, and health plans
- cafeteria-style benefits
- fringe benefits that allow employees to choose the benefits up to a set dollar amount
- flextime plan
- work schedule that gives employees some freedom choose work schedule
- cora time
- the period when all employees are expected to be at their job stations
- compressed workweek
- schedule that allows employees to work a full number of hours per week but in fewer days
- job sharing
- arrangment where two part-time employees share one full-time job
- affirmative action
- employment activities designed to "right past wrongs"
- reverse discrimination
- discrimination against whites or males in hiring/promoting
- union
- employee organization that negotiates benefits with management
- craft union
- an organization of skilled specialists in a particular trade
- Knights of Labor
- first national labor union (formed 1896)
- American Federation of Labor (AFL)
- an organization of craft unions that championed fundamental labor issues
- industrial unions
- labor organizations of unskilled and semi-skilled workers in mass-production industries
- Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
- union organization of unskilled workers
- yellow-dog contract
- type of contract the requires employees to agree to not join a union
- collective bargaining
- process whereby union and management representatives form a labor-management contract
- certification
- process whereby a union is recognized by the National Labor Relations Board
- decertification
- process by which workers take away a union's right to represent them
- negotiated labor-management agreement (labor contract)
- agreement that sets the terms under which management and labor agree to function
- union security clause
- states that employees who benefit from a union must either officially join or at least pay dues
- closed shop agreement
- employers can only hire current members for a job (is now illegal)
- union shop agreement
- employer can hire anyone, but they must join a union
- agency shop agreement
- employees don't need to join a union but must pay union fees
- right-to-work laws
- legislation that gives workers the right to join or not join a union
- open shop agreement
- employees don't have to join the union
- grievance
- a charge by employees that management is not abiding by the labor contract
- shop stewards
- union officials who work permanently in an organization and represent employee interests
- bargaining zone
- the range of options that each party can consider
- mediation
- encouraging both sides to continue negotiations and often make suggestions
- arbitration
- agreement to bring in an impartial third party to render a binding decision in a dispute
- strike
- union strategy in which workers refuse to go to work
- cooling-off period
- when workers return to their jobs while the union and management continue negotiations
- primary boycott
- when a union encourages members and the general public to not buy products from the company
- secondary boycott
- an attempt by labor to to convince others to stop doing business with the company
- lockout
- an attempt by management to put pressure on unions by temporarily closing the business
- strikebreakers
- workers hired to temporarily replace the striking workers
- injunction
- court order directing someone to do or not do something
- givebacks
- concessions made by union members to management
- sexual harassment
- unwelcome sexual advances in the work place