AP US Vocab 1865-1900
only missing one or two VERY basic terms - beware there are some spelling mistakes but that does not mean the information is bad!!
Terms
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- Battle at Wounded Knee
- Last major conflict between the Sioux Indians and the United States. 300 Indian men, women and children were killed, while 25 American soldiers died in the conflict.
- Coxey's Army
- Protest march of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey. Marched on Washington in 1894.
- Teller Amendment
- April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but this amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba.
- Chatauqua Movement
- American Adult educational movement which was popular through the 19th and 20th movements - brought people into communities to lecture
- Pragmatism
- Developed by William James - A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.
- Social Gospel
- Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization
- Young Men's Christian Association
- 1851 - world wide movement to putting Christian principles into practice (started in London)
- Chief Joseph
- Chief of the Naz Perce Indians - 1871 led unsuccessful rebellion against Whites taking Indian land - tried to flee with his followers to Canada
- Battle of Little Bighorn
- 1876 - Sioux refused to sell their land to the government - Col. Custer was sent in to remove them but was wiped out
- William Jennings Bryan
- Principle figure in Populist Party - served as Sec. of State under Wilson (resigned in protest of WWI) - prosecutor in the Scopes Trial
- Populist Party
- Founded 1891 - called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers
- Gilded Age
- Late 1800s to Early 1900s - time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialization
- Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)
- Did away with the "spoils system" and made the hiring of federal employees merit based.
- National Labor Union
- 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers
- Frederick Olmstead
- Landscape Architect who designed many public parks including Central Park in New York.
- Tenure of Office Act
- 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet
- Interstate Commerce Act
- Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices
- Helen Hunt Jackson
- Writer of "Ramona" and "A Century of Dishonor" detailing America's dealings with and double crossing of Indians
- Booker T. Washington
- Influential black educator and leader. Said black could be social separated with whites, but together on other issues.
- William Randolph Hearst
- A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."
- Old Immigrants
- Weastern and Eastern Europeans (English, Irish, German, etc)
- Freedmen's Bureau
- 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs
- Andrew Carnegie
- Built a steel mill empire
- Munn V. Illinois
- United States Supreme Court Case that ended up allowing states to regulate business within their borders, including railroads
- Boss Tweed
- Most famous political boss - HQed in NYC
- Granger Laws
- A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates.
- Spanish-American War
- 1898 - America wanted Spain to peacefully resolve the Cuaban's fight for independence - the start of the war was due in large part to yellow journalism
- Redemption (redeemers)
- When the south was returned to Conservative Democratic rule after the Radical Republicans of Reconstruction
- Samuel Gompers
- President of the AFL, he combined unions to increase their strength.
- The Gospel of Wealth
- Book published by Andrew Carnegie - argued the wealthy people have the obligation to give back to poor
- Chinese Exclusion Act
- 1882 - Chinese immigrants had to be examined, and all convicts, polygamists, prostitutes, anarchists, persons suffering from loathsome or contagious diseases, and persons liable to become public disturbances and problems were all excluded form the U.S
- "A Century of Dishonor"
- Book published by Helen Hunt Jackson - dicussed the intolerable acts committed against the Indians
- Long Drives
- Cattle drives to the North (Chicago and St. Louis)
- Civil Rights Act of 1866
- Gave more rights to Blacks after Civil War
- Pullman Strike
- 1894 - nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages - Prez. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery
- Farmer's Alliance
- 1880s - Organized farming economic system - tried to raise commedy prices by collective action of individual farmers
- the Grange
- 1870s - farm movement meant to offset the high costs, debts, and little profits of farmers - established cooperative efforts like grain elevators
- Platt Amendment
- Specified when the US could interviene in Cuban affairs
- 13th Amendment
- Abolished slavery
- Radical Reconstruction
- Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war
- Yellow Journalism
- Term for sensationalized journalism - started the Spanish-American War
- Atlanta Compromise
- Major speech on race-relations given by Booker T. Washington addressing black labor opportunities, and the peril of whites ignoring black injustice
- Vertical Integration
- A monopoly that controls the entire process of creating a product
- Horizontal Intergration
- Expanding product line into similar areas
- Forty Acres and a mule
- failed attempt to help freed blacks during reconstruction - had promised blacks forty acres of land and a mule to plow with
- Jim Crow Laws
- Laws in the South that descriminated against blacks
- (Thomas) Nast
- German American cartoonist, considered the father of political cartoons. Worked for Harper's Weekly.
- (Edward) Bellamy
- Author of "Looking Backward" a novel set in the year 2000 (in which all of societies problems had been solved)
- Molly Maguires
- An active, militant Irish organization of farmers based in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal fields who are believed responsible for much violence
- Seward's Folly
- Nickname for Alaska
- Henry George
- Political economist, writer of "Progress and Poverty", he was the main supporter of a single tax system
- Bread and Butter Unionism
- 1880s - Also known as Business Unionism - solely focused on wages, hours, and working conditions (not Socal problems)
- John Dewey
- A renound American philosopher and pscologist who, along with William James, established the philosophical school of pragmatism
- Social Darwinism
- Argument that poor people are poor because they are not fit to be right
- Plessy V Ferguson
- Supreme Court ruling upholding the legality of "separate but equal"
- John D. Rockefeller
- American businessman - founder of Standard Oil Co. (major monopoly)
- Horatio Alger
- Writer of novels stressing rags to riches stories of boys
- Dawes Act
- An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.
- Jingoism
- When a nation uses threats or actual actions against a country to protect its own interests
- Louis Sullivan
- Architect who created the modern "skyscraper"
- American Federation of Labor
- The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886.
- Alfred (Thayer) Mahan
- Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy
- Settlement House Movement
- Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous
- 15th Amendment
- Gave blacks the vote
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act
- First United States law to limit trusts and big business. Said that any trust that was purposefully restraining interstate trade was illegal.
- Open Range
- expansive, mostly unimproved lands on which a significant proportion of the natural vegetation is native grasses - found in the Great Planes
- Knights of Labor
- 1869 - established in Philidalphia - suppose to be a secrete faternal order - first union to allow all laborers
- Compromise of 1877
- Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South.
- Credit Moblier Scandal
- 1872 - Union Pacific Railway created a ficticious construction company and hired itself to work (using government funds) - scandal broke loose and leaders attempted to bribe Congress with Union Pacific stock
- J.P. Morgan
- Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale
- Joseph Pulitzer
- Hungarian-American publisher/newspaperman who waged a circulation war with William Randolph Hearst and helped start "yellow journalism."
- (John) Altgeld
- Governor of Illinois from 1893 to 1897, improved child labor and workplace safety laws
- Boxer Rebellion
- 1900 - Nativist rebellion in China - tried to get rid of all of the foreigners
- Injunction
- A judicial order forcing a person or group to refrain from doing something.
- (Edwin) Stanton
- Secretary of State during Civil War and Reconstruction
- Crop Lien System
- System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.
- New Immigrants
- Immigrants of Italian, Slavic, Greek, Jewish, and Armenian descent - South and East Europeans
- Turner (Frontier) Thesis
- Theory put forth by Frederick Turner that stated the frontier was the source of American vitality and exceptionalism.
- 14th Amendment
- Gave blacks citizenship
- Haymarket Incident
- Worker rally in Chicago at which a bomb was detonated killing policemen - workers were immigrants so incident led to anti-immigration feelings
- Waving the bloody shirt
- Practice of politicians referencing to martyrs or heroes to inspire support or go against
- Crime of '73
- 1873 - law that stopped the coinage of silver
- Sharecropping
- System of farming in which people (mostly blacks) would farm the land for an owner - very similar to slavery
- Sioux Wars
- End of 1800s - started at Fort Laramie in Wyoming when Indians killed 19 US soldiers in the Grattan Massacre