midterm de pysch
Terms
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- shaping
- the guiding behavior closer and closer to the desired behavior---"training to roll over"
- positive reinforcement
- presentaion of positive stimuli (praise/money/treat)
- negative reinforcement
- getting rid of/ cessation of negative stimuli (not punishment) (e.g. stress)
- intrinsic motivation
- desire to do a behavior for its own sake (internal desire)
- extrinsic motivation
- desire to do a behavior do to some promised reward or 2 avoid punishment
- classical conditioning
- the association of stimuli (learning) usually 2 factors
- unconditional response
- unlearned/natural
- unconditioned stimulus
- a natural auto-trigger
- conditioned response
- learned response to stimulus
- conditioned stimuli
- originally irrelevant stimulus
- operant conditioning
- we behave according to what happens to our behavior strengthened if followed by reinforcer diminished if followed by punisher
- extinction
- diminishing response(no longer signals response)
- generalization
- tendency for similar conditioned stimulis to elict a similar response (tone and bell)
- difference btwn classical and operant conditioning
- classical-events we can't control operant- our behavior and resulting events
- mirror neurons provide
- help us learn even when watching/activate neurons in the brain
- most likely to imitate
- when followed by reinforcer prosocial behavior-modeling-after parents-consistency pro social most effective
- encoding
- getting info into the brain automatic and effortful
- storage
- retaining info
- retrieval
- get back info
- rehearsal (recall)
- a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier (fill-in-the-blank)
- recognition
- identify items previously learned (multiple choice)
- relearning
- a memory measure that asseses time/ amount of time saved when learining material for a second time
- amnesia
- loss of memory
- cognitive psychologists
- study the mental activities associated with processing/understanding/remembering/communicating
- prototypes
- a mental image or best example of category
- hierarchies
- categorizing concepts by perceiving something is there
- algorithms
- methodical step-by-step logical rule/procedure that guarantees solving the problem (always solves problem)
- heuristics
- a simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently (problem solved efficiently and simplisticly)
- insight
- a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem it contrasts with strategy based solutions
- fixation
- the inablility to see a problem from a new perspective and hiderance to problem solving
- confirmation bias
- the tendency to search for infoormation that confirms our preconceptions
- representative heuristics
- judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a particular way
- overconfidence
- the tendency to be more confident then correct--caused our use of heuristic judgements eagerness to confirm belief explaining failure create
- framings effect on decisions
- the way an issue is presented-can effect judgement and decisions
- receptive language
- ability to comprehend speech movement of voic/sound--locking at person
- productive language
- ability to produce words
- stages of speech
- babbling-(4mnths) spont. variety of sounds (not Imitation) one word stage-(1-2 yrs) single words two-word stage-(2 and on) two words
- universal grammar
- chomsky believed all humans shared
- linguistic determination
- worf's hypothesis about language--language determines the way in which we think
- Spearman/intelligence
- general intelligens-a general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities therfor measured by every task on intelligence test
- savat syndrome/gardner
- there is not just one specific intelligence but many independent ones
- components of creativity
- expertise/imaginative thinking/a venturesome personality/intrinsic motivation/creative environment
- emotional intelligence
- the ability to perceive/understand/manage and use emotion
- achievement tests
- what a person has learned
- aptitude
- predict future performance
- standardization
- defining meaningful scores by comparison with performance of a pre-tested standardization group
- reliability
- the extent to which a tests yield consistent results
- validity
- the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
- motivation
- a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
- needs/maslow
- 1st-physiological needs(food and water)--saftey--self esteem