Psychology Review
This is the first set of words you learn in psychology class :)
Terms
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- Behaviorism
- focuses on observable behavior, sources of behavior are external, John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov
- Applied Research
- solves practical problems
- Cognitive
- stresses mental process of information, Jean Piaget
- Double-Blind Experiment
- some participants are given placebos, others the treatment
- Wilhelm Wundt
- German psychologist that wrote the first psychology textbook
- Confirmation Bias
- tendency to search for or interpret new information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions and avoids information that contradicts it
- Ethical Guidelines
- Human: Informed Consent, Right to be Protected, Confidentiality, Debriefing.......Animals: adequate food, ventilation, well cared for
- Biopsychology
- focuses on brain and nervous system to help us understand behavior and mental processes
- Case Study
- in-depth information about individual/group, advantages: only way to measure some cases, limitations: not controlled, not a representative sample, socially pleasing
- Social-Cultural Perspective
- how thinking/behavior changes in different contexts or situations
- Participant Bias
- tendency for research participants to respond in a certain way because they know they are being observed
- Correlation VS. Causation
- correlation DOES NOT mean causation [cause and effect], i.e. ice cream sales and crime-they correlate but don't cause each other
- Psychoanalytic
- unconscious mind, dreams should be studied, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Karen Horney
- Basic Research
- driven by a psychologist's curiosity or interest in a question
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true
- Random Assignment
- each participant in an experiment has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group
- Debriefing
- complete explanation of study [after study takes place]
- Naturalistic Observation
- naturally occurs, advantages: firsthand information, more natural, helps with hypothesis, limitations: observer bias, participant bias
- Researcher Bias
- tendency for researchers to engage in behaviors selectively notice evidence that supports their hypotheses or expectations
- Extraneous Variable
- could influence independent variable
- Standard Deviation
- a statistic used as a measure of the dispersion or variation in a distribution
- Random Sampling
- process of choosing a random sample [not to one's liking] of participants
- Operational Definition
- a statement of procedures used to define research variables
- Dependent Variable
- variable dependent on independent variable
- Statistical Significance
- result is unlikely to occur by chance
- Hindsight Bias
- we tend to believe after learning an outcome that we would have foreseen it
- Control Group
- gets nothing done or placebo
- Humanistic
- emphasis on conscious experience, believed in free-will, self-actualization, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
- Representative Sampling
- bigger group is divided into small group, random sample is chosen from it
- Barnum Effect
- tendency to accept certain vague or worthless information as true
- Independent Variable
- variable changed throughout experiment
- Overconfidence
- we tend to think we know more than we do
- Hypothesis
- Educated guess
- Placebo Effect
- believing that something will work might actually cause the treatment to work
- Experimental Group
- getting the experiment done on them
- William James
- American psychologist who studied at Harvard
- Single-Blind Experiment
- researchers but not subjects know which subjects are receiving the actual experiment and which are receiving placebo