Chapter 2 Terms
Terms about research sampling
Terms
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- population
- The group you want to generalize to and the group you sample from in the study.
- stratified random sampling
- A method of sampling that involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and taking a simple random sample in each subgroup.
- systematic random sampling
- A method of sampling in which you determine randomly where you want to start selecting in the sampling frame and then follow a rule to select every xth unit from the sampling frame list.
- response
- A specific measurement value that a sampling unit supplies.
- random selection
- Process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population are selected by chance.
- probability sampling
- Method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection.
- simple random sampling
- A method of sampling that involves drawing a sample from a population so that every possible sample has an equal probability of being selected.
- sampling distribution
- The theoretical distribution of an infinite number of samples of the population of interest in your study.
- multistage sampling
- The combining of several sampling methods to create a more efficient or effective sample.
- Bell curve
- Smoothed histogram or bar graph describing the expected frequency for each value of a variable.
- heterogeneity sampling
- Sampling for diversity or variety.
- sampling error
- The error in measurement associated with sampling. Degree to which the sample means of repeatedly drawn random samples differ from one another and from the population mean.
- sampling model
- A model for generalizing in which you identify your population, draw a fair sample, conduct your research, and generalize your results to other population groups.
- proportional quota sampling
- A sampling method in which you sample until you achieve a specific number of sampled units for each subgroup of a population where the proportions in each group are the same.
- External validity
- the degree to which the conclusions in your study would hold for other persons in other places and at other times.
- nonprobability sampling
- Sampling that does not involve random selection.
- sampling frame
- the list from which you draw your sample (or if there is no list, you draw your sample based upon an explicit rule).
- modal instance sampling
- Sampling for the most typical case.
- sample
- The actual units you select to participate in your study
- Expert sampling
- A sample of people with known or demonstrable experience or knowledge in some area.
- standard deviation
- The spread of variability of the scores around their average in a single sample.
- standard error
- The spread of averages around the average of averages in a sampling distribution.
- Cluster/area random sampling
- The method of sampling that involves dividing the population into groups (clusters) randomly selecting clusters, and then sampling each element in the selected cluster.
- Generalizability
- The degree to which study conclusions are valid for member of the population not included in the study sample.
- quota sampling
- Any sampling method in which you sample until you achieve a specific number of sampled units for each subgroup of a population.
- snowball sampling
- A method of sampling in which you sample participants based upon referral from prior participants.
- nonproportional quota sampling
- A sampling method in which you sample until you achieve a specific number of sampled units for each subgroup of the population, where the proportions in each group are not the same.
- statistic
- A specific value that is estimated from data.
- population parameter
- The mean or average you would obtain if you were able to sample the entire population.
- proximal similarity model
- A model for generalizing from your study to another context based upon the degree to which the other context is similar to your study context.