Psychology Chapter 1
Terms
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- Reliability
- A test that gives the same answer no matter who measures it
- Finding a lost wallet in the mall is an example of what kind of observation?
- Structured observation
- What is the range of a correlation coefficient?
- 0-1, 1 being the strongest relationship
- What are the four descriptive methods of research psychologists use?
- Naturalistic observation, participant observation, case study, survey research
- Case study
- A researcher studies an individual in depth over an extended period of time
- Sociocultural perspective
- Specifically focuses on the impact of other people and our culture as the major determiner of behavior and mental processing
- Positive correlation
- indicates a direct relationship between 2 variables (when height goes up, weight goes up and vice versa)
- What is the range of a correlation coefficient?
- 0-1, 1 being the strongest relationship
- Operational definition
- A description of the operations or procedures that a researcher uses to manipulate or measure a variable (ex. aggression= biting, kicking, punching)
- Scatterplot
- A visual depiction of correlational data in which each data point represents the scores on the two variables for each participant
- Participant observation
- The observer becomes part of the group being observed
- Representative sample
- Sample that represents the entire population. A random sample is a representative sample.
- Inferential statistical analyses
- Statistical analyses that allow researchers to draw conclusions about the results of their studies
- Independent variable
- The variable that is the hypothesized cause and is manipulated by the experimenter
- Operant conditioning
- If a person is reinforced for their behavior, there is an increase of occurance. Punished, on the other hand means a decrease of occurance.
- When did psychological science begin?
- The 1890's
- Variable
- A quantity that is different between different people, or different within the same person over time
- What type of frequency distribution has a high amount of low scores?
- Left-skewed
- Behavioral perspective
- Emphasizes conditioning of our behavior by environmental events, and there is more emphasis on explaining observable behavior than unobservable mental processes
- Correlaton coefficient
- A statistic that tells us the type and strength of the relationship between two variables
- Experimental group
- The group exposed to the independent variable
- Case study
- A researcher studies an individual in depth over an extended period of time
- Biological perspective
- Our psychological hardware (especially the brain and nervous system) is viewed as the major determiner of behavior and mental processing
- What are the four major research perspectives psychologists use?
- Biological perspective, cognitive perspective, Behavioral perspective, Sociocultural perspective
- Cognitive perspective
- Our mental processes, such as perception, memory, and problem solving, work and impact our behavior
- Classes skipped and grade have what kind of correlation?
- Negative correlation
- Scatterplot
- A visual depiction of correlational data in which each data point represents the scores on the two variables for each participant
- Naturalistic observation
- A type of descriptive methods where the behavior of interest is observed in its natural setting, and the researcher doesn't intervene
- Random assignment
- A control measure in which participants are randomly assigned to groups in order to equalize characteristics across experimental groups
- Random assignment
- A control measure in which participants are randomly assigned to groups in order to equalize characteristics across experimental groups
- Negative correlation
- indicates an inverse relationship between 2 variables (hours spent watching TV and SAT scores- one goes up, other goes down)
- Third-variable problem
- Another variable may be responsible for the relationship observed between two variables
- Parsimonious
- The simpler theory
- What are the 2 things an experiment must have?
- 1) Manipulation- 2 (or more) groups treated differently. 2) Random assignment of individual participants to groups
- What is the range of a correlation coefficient?
- 0-1, 1 being the strongest relationship
- Independent variable
- The variable that is the hypothesized cause and is manipulated by the experimenter
- Operant conditioning
- If a person is reinforced for their behavior, there is an increase of occurance. Punished, on the other hand means a decrease of occurance.
- Correlation coefficient
- A statistic that tells us the type and strength of the relationship between 2 variables
- % numbers in normal dist. (SD's away)
- 68%, 95%, 99%
- What makes a good theory?
- It fits the known facts. It makes predictions. It's falsifiable. It's parsimonious.
- Independent variable
- The variable that is the hypothesized cause and is manipulated by the experimenter
- Placebo effect
- Improvement due to expectation of improving because they're receiving treatment
- Case study
- A researcher studies an individual in depth over an extended period of time
- What is the problem with a naturalistic research design?
- Lowest amount of control and subject reactivity
- What kind of correlation does calorie intake and weight loss have?
- Negative correlation
- Third-variable problem
- Another variable may be responsible for the relationship observed between two variables
- What kind of correlation does height and weight have?
- Positive correlation
- Correlaton coefficient
- A statistic that tells us the type and strength of the relationship between two variables
- Classical conditioning
- A kind of behavioral perspective that pairs 2 events (like when a dog salivates when he hears the sound associated with a bone)
- Control group
- The group not exposed to the independent variable
- Naturalistic observation
- A type of descriptive methods where the behavior of interest is observed in its natural setting, and the researcher doesn't intervene
- Participant observation
- The observer becomes part of the group being observed
- Participant observation
- The observer becomes part of the group being observed
- Placebo group
- Think they're receiving treatment, but they're not. They're given a placebo, inactive pill
- Operant conditioning
- If a person is reinforced for their behavior, there is an increase of occurance. Punished, on the other hand means a decrease of occurance.
- Standard deviation
- Average extent to which the scores vary from the mean of the scores
- Falsifiable
- Checkable; able to be proven false
- What is a hypothesis evaluated with?
- Data
- Height and weight have what kind of correlation?
- Positive correlation
- Dependent variable
- Hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable, measured by the experimenter
- Third-variable problem
- Another variable may be responsible for the relationship observed between two variables
- Scatterplot
- A visual depiction of correlational data in which each data point represents the scores on the two variables for each participant
- Dependent variable
- Hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable, measured by the experimenter
- Dependent variable
- Hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable, measured by the experimenter
- Double-blind procedure
- Neither the experimenters nor the participants know which participants are in the experimental and control groups
- What does a theory generate?
- A hypothesis
- Validity
- A test that says what it measures (IQ tests are not valid because they don't really measure intelligence)
- What does a theory allow us to do?
- Describe, explain, predict, manipulate
- Levels of variable
- Value that a variable takes on (green, 120 pounds, etc.)
- Example of a correlation test
- IQ test, depression test (in between survey and experiment)
- What kind of correlation does head circumference and GPA have?
- No correlation
- Random assignment
- A control measure in which participants are randomly assigned to groups in order to equalize characteristics across experimental groups
- Hindsight bias
- the tendency, after learning about an outcome, to be overconfident in one's ability to have predicted it
- Correlaton coefficient
- A statistic that tells us the type and strength of the relationship between two variables
- Naturalistic observation
- A type of descriptive methods where the behavior of interest is observed in its natural setting, and the researcher doesn't intervene
- The mean is greater than the median in what kind of frequency distribution?
- Right-skewed