psychology,life span
Terms
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- Developement
- changes that occur over and across the entire life span
- physical growth
- delevoplement of prenatal throught adolescence and declines and alterations that occur c advance aging
- cognitive development
- concept of intelligence ,aspects of our thinking processes,such as moral,language,memory and learning to read
- social/emotional developement
- temperament, our style to respond,personality,socialization into a particular cultural group
- mulitdimensional
- physical,cognitive,emotional,personality
- age-graded
- naming ceremonies,puberty, begining school, drivers licence, retires
- history graded
- events that occur during the life span depression,wars,computer era
- non-normative
- events that may have influence on a persons delevlopment ex.oklahoma bombing
- continuity
- results of gradual and cumulative changes over the entire life span
- discontinuity
- development occurs in discrete identifiable stages
- hypothesis
- testing the hypothesis,drawing conclusions,making findins available to others
- naturalistic
- watching people in there natural setting
- field experiment
- natural setting but some manipulation or control such as giving some help on a test and some not then comparing scores
- controlled experiments
- lab setting, greater control ex. hooked up to a monitor that records heart rate
- independent variables
- manipulated by the experimentor
- dependent variables
- outcome measures of interest, such as a score on a math test after getting special instructions
- comfounding variables
- things that might affect the results in unanticipated ways or not controlled for in the drseigned of the experiment
- cross sectional
- groups studied at one point in in time
- logitudial
- different times studied
- sequential design
- study of a group,then years later sudy of the same group
- cohort differences
- unique sociocultural factors to which people of different generations are exposed
- data analysis
- statisical procedures that are done to make sence of the findings of a study
- desriptive research or correlational
- varibles are related but can't say that one caused the other
- descriptive statistic
- includes means, medians, modes, frequencies and simple correlations
- inferential statistic
- determine if there is a significant different between 2 or more scores or if a score could occur just by chance
- ethology
- idea that behavior is largely influenced by biological factors particuarly behaviors that have developed overtime
- Bowlby
- infants need nuturing in the first yrs,to form attachments c others
- Freud
- unconscious minds contains emotionally charged memories of early life experiences psychosexual theory,sexual desires affect behavior
- id
- seeking pleasure and avoiding pain present at birth
- ego
- reality priciple starts to deveolpoe in infancy,balances demands of the id and restrictions of the superego in order to meet the realities of the situation
- superego
- conscience,tells what you should do or not do
- conscious
- info that is readily available
- unconscious
- only avaiable in hypnosis,
- preconscious
- between the two,comes out in are dreams jokes slips of the tongue
- defence mechanisms
- egos must defend us from daily assaults
- Erikson-psychosocial
- non-sexual cries,personality delevopment cont.through adulthood
- Levinson
- men midlife to older,achieveing a stable life structure independence
- Pavlov-classical conditioning
- feeding the dogs and salivating
- Watson-behaviorism
- small rat Little Albert
- Skinner-operant conditioning
- positive and negative behavior reinforcement
- Thorndike
- quantify the relationship among stimuli and responce
- Bandura-social theory
- people learn by observing and imitation
- self-efficacy
- study how people come to believe that they are competent or likely to succeed at different kinds of task
- Piaget-cognitive development
- children are active participants in their own learning
- assimilation
- taking in info as it is
- scheme
- incorporating that new knowledge into an existing framework
- Accommodation
- info doesn't fit any exisitng scheme or challenges an old scheme
- Case-cognitive
- children have limits on the amount of info they can deal with
- Kohlberg-Heinz(drug for the dying wife)
- development of moral reasoning
- moral reasoning
- the way people use cognitive processes to solve ethical dilemmas
- humanistic theories
- stress that people can take control over their own behavior and are not merely pawns of reinforcement or driven by genetic factors
- Maslow-human needs
- physical needs,emotional,met b4 a child can meet academic/cognitive tasks
- self-actualized
- one who is spontaneous,creative,good at solving problems and self directed
- Rogers-psychotherapy
- the therapist listens to the client and reflects back what the client says and allows the client to draw the conclusions rather then being advised by the therapist
- Brinfenbrenner-social
- focuses on the social environment of the individual
- microsystem
- structures that impinges on a person everyday.ex.school peers
- mesosystem
- how the structures intersect and interect c others
- exosystem
- examines the world not quite as close extend family mass media,social welfare gov.
- macrosystem
- attitudes and beliefs of a culture reflected in its education,legal,religion
- chronosystem
- pattern of events that unfold over chronological age,include history and social
- Vygotsky-cognitive
- zone of proximal development some tasks children can't do alone but can achieve c help
- scaffolding
- temporary support that adults give to children until they are able to do it on there own