Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1
Terms
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- the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts
- anatomy
- the study of how organisms perform their vital functions
- physiology
- the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye
- gross/macroscopic anatomy
- macro anatomy of general form and superficial markings
- surface anatomy
- macro anatomy of anatomical organization
- regional anatomy
- macro anatomy study of structure of organ systems
- systemic anatomy
- groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner
- organ systems
- macro anatomy that covers the changes that occur between conception and physical maturity
- developmental anatomy
- study of early developmental processes (first 2 months)
- embryology
- anatomy dealing with structures that require a microscope to see
- microscopic anatomy
- the analysis of individual cells
- cytology
- the simplest units of life
- cells
- the examination of tissues
- histology
- a combination and organization of tissues into a conglomerate
- organ
- the study of functions of cells
- cell physiology
- the study of physiology of specific organs
- special physiology
- the physiological study of organ systems
- systemic physiology
- the study of diseases on organs or system functions
- pathological physiology
- lowest level of organization
- atomic level
- second level of organization
- chemical or molecular level
- level of organization involving the interactions of molecules to form cells and organelles; the smallest living units in the body
- cell level
- level of organization involving the interactions of cells performing one or more specific functions
- tissue level
- level of organization involving two or more tissues working in combination to perform specific functions
- organ level
- level of organization involving the interaction between organs
- organ system level
- level of organization involving all organ systems of the body working together to maintain life and health
- organism level
- the organs of this system function in protecting against environmental hazards, regulating body temperature, and providing sensory information
- integumentary system
- the organs of this system include skin, hair, nails, sweats glands
- integumentary system
- the organs of this system functino in providing support and protection for other tissues, storing calcium and other minerals, and forming blood cells
- skeletal system
- the organs of this system include bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow
- skeletal system
- the organs of this system include skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses
- muscular system
- the organs of this system function in providing movement, protection and support for other tissues, generating heat and maintaining body temps
- muscular system
- the organs of this system include the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
- nervous system
- the organs of this system function in directing immediate responses to stimuli, coordinating or moderating activity in other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external and internal conditions
- nervous system
- the organs of this system include pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads
- endocrine system
- the organs of this system funtion in directing long term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusting metabolic activity, controls structural and functional changes during development
- endocrine system
- the organs of this system are the heart, blood vessels, blood
- cardiovascular system
- the organs of this system function in distributing blood cells, water, nutrients, heat, etc.
- cardiovascular system
- the organs of this system include the spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, tonsils, lymph nodes
- lymphatic system
- the organs of this system function in defending against infection and disease and returning tissue fluids to the bloodstream
- lymphatic system
- the organs of this system include lungs, alveoli, bronchi, trachea, sinuses, nasal cavities, larynx
- respiratory system
- the organs of this system funtion in delivering air to alveoli where gas exchange occurs, providing oxygen to bloodstream, removing CO2 from bloodstream, producing sounds for communication
- respiratory system
- the organs of this system include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
- urinary system
- the organs of this system function in excreting wastes from blood, controlling water balance, storing urine, regulating blood ion concentrations and pH
- urinary system
- the organs of this system include testes, penis, ovaries, vagina, mammary glands
- reproductive system
- the organs of this system function in producing sex-specific hormones and reproductive gametes
- reproductive system
- the existence of a stable internal environment
- homeostasis
- when the activities of a cell, tissue, organ , or organ system adjust automatically in response to some environmental change
- autoregulation/intrinsic regulation
- results from the activites of the nervous system or endocrine system to adjust some function of the body
- extrinsic regulation
- a sensor that is sensitive to a particular change in environment or stimulus
- receptor
- integration center which receives and processes information supplied by a receptor
- control center
- a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center
- effector
- a variation outside the desired range triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation
- negative feedback
- initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in original conditions
- positive feedback
- the human form is generally shown in ___ when dealing with anatomical illustrations
- anatomical position
- a person laying down in the anatomical position is said to be ___ when face up
- supine
- a person laying down in the anatomical position is said to be ___ when face down
- prone