Biology Ch. 8 Vocabulary
Terms
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- Photons
- A particle of electromagnetic radiation; one quantum of radiant energy
- Calvin Cycle
- Cycle series of reactions in the chloroplast stroma in photosynthesis; fixes carbon dioxide and produces carbohydrate
- CAM Pathway
- Water conserving, carbon fixing process,plants that use this close stomata at night and open in the day.
- G3P
- A 3 carbon sugar; for each CO2 are formed in the Calvin cycle; 1 leaves to be used in the cell, 5 are use for regeneration of RuBP
- Chlorophyll b
- A dark-green plant pigment having a brilliant green alcohol solution
- Autotrophs
- An organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple organic raw materials; also called producer or primary producer
- Grana
- A stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast
- Rubisco
- The common names of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin Cycle
- C4 Plants
- Plant that fixes carbon initially by the Hatch-Slack pathway, in which the reaction of CO2 with phosphoenolpyruvate is catalyzed y PEP carboxylace in leas mesophyll cells, the products are transferred to the bundle of sheath cells, where the Calvin Cycle takes place
- Stroma
- A fluid space of the chloroplast, enclosed by the chloroplast inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids; site of the reactions of the Calvin cycle
- Wavelength
- The distance from one wave peak to the next; the energy of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to its _______
- Photosynthesis
- The biological process that captures light energy and transforms it into the chemical energy of organic molecules (e.g., carbohydrates), which are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water
- CAM Plants
- Plant that carries our crassulacean acid metabolism; carbon is initially fixed into organic acids at night in the reaction of CO2 and phosphoenolpyruvate, catalyzed by PEP carboxylase; during the day the acids break down to yield CO2, which enters the Calvin Cycle
- Carbon Fixation
- Reduction reactions of photosynthesis in which carbon from carbon dioxide becomes incorporated into organic molecules, leading to the production of carbohydrate
- Stomata
- Small pores located in the epidermis of plants that provide for gas exchange for photosynthesis; each ______ (singular) is flanked by two guard cells, which are responsible for its opening and closing
- C3 Plants
- Plant that carries our carbon fixation solely by the Calvin Cycle
- Heterotrophs
- A organism that cannot synthesize its own food from inorganic raw materials and therefore must obtain energy and body-building materials from other organisms
- Photorespiration
- The process that reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 plants during hot spells in summer; consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide through the degradation of Calvin Cycle intermediates
- Chemiosmosis
- Process by which phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP is coupled to the transfer of elections down an election transport chain; the electron transport chain powers proton pumps that produce a proton gradient across the membrane; ATP is formed as protons diffuse through transmembrane channels in ATP synthase
- Thylakoids
- An interconnected system of flattened, saclike membraneous structures inside the chloroplasts
- Chlorophyll a
- A blue-black plant pigment having a blue-green alcohol solution
- Photosystem II
- One of two photosynthetic units responsible for capturing light energy and transferring excited electrons; strongly absorbs light of about 680 nm
- C3 Pathway
- Another name for the calvin cycle because the product of the initial carbon fixation is a three carbon compound
- Photosystem I
- One of two photosynthetic units responsible for capturing light energy and transferring excited electrons; strongly absorbs light of about 700 nm
- Phosphoglycerate (PGA)
- Phosphorylated three-carbon compound that is an important metabolic intermediate
- C4 Pathway
- An alternative pathway that enables certain plants to fix CO2 into four carbon compounds
- Electron Transport Chain
- A series of chemical reactions during which hydrogens or their electrons are passed along an _________ from one acceptor molecule to another, with the release of energy
- ATP Synthase
- Large enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by chemiosmosis; located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, and the plasma membrane of bacteria
- Chloroplasts
- Membraneous organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes; occur in some plant and algal cells
- Carotenoids
- A group of yellow to orange plant pigments synthesized from isoprene subunits; include carotenes and xanthrophylls
- NADPH
- Oxidized and reduced forms, respectively, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme that acts as an electron (hydrogen) transfer agent, particularly in anabolic pathways, including photosynthesis