Biology B-Chapter 10/11-genetics
Terms
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- type AB blood
- considered universal acceptor in blood transfusion
- incomplete dominance
- inheritance in which an active allele does NOT entirely compensate for an inactive allele; both traits show up but not fully
- duplication
- part of a chromosome is repeated
- X-chromosome
- sex chromosome; in humans fruits flies and some other organisms, females have two X chromosomes and males have only one
- Turner Syndrome
- nondisjunction disorder; 45X or 45XO; female in appearance but sterile
- repressor
- special protein that binds to an operator and thus turns off the operon
- deletion
- loss of a part of a chromosome
- colorblindness
- most commonlu red-green; affects cones in back of eye; recessive order on the X chromosome
- polygenic
- trait that is controlled by a number of genes; nose shape or skin color
- type O blood
- considered universal donor in blood transfusion
- chromosome theory of heredity
- states genes are located on chromosomes and that each gene occupies a specific place on a chromosome
- promotor
- region of chromosomes next to the operator in an operon to which RNA polymerase binds at the beginning of transcription
- muscular dystrophy
- recessive, sex-linked trait; progressive wasting away of muscles; usually shows up in adulthood
- somatic mutation
- a mutation that only affects other cells within the organism and is not passed on to offspring
- linked genes
- genes that are independent together and do not undergo independent assortment
- Huntington Disease
- painful loss of muscle control and mental functions; destroys nervous system; causes death; doesn't show up until 30's or 40's; a dominant trait
- mutation
- change in the genetic material of a cell; mistake in a chromosome
- inducer
- chemical substance that causes the production of enzymes; causes operon to work
- chromosomal mutation
- change in the number or structure of chromosomes in a cell; usually too much or too little DNA; offspring usually do not survive
- exon
- expressed segment of a gene that is separated from similar segments by unexpressed sequences called introns
- hemophilia
- recessive, sex-linked trait; blood won't clot; more prevalent in males
- translocation
- part of a chromosome breaking off and attaching to another chromosome
- Y-chromosome
- male sex chromosome in humans, fruit flies and some other organisms
- polyploidy
- condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes; harmful to animals but produces larger plants
- linkage group
- genes that are inherited in a group
- "expressed"
- when a cell is producing a certain protein
- sex-linked
- description of a trait that is determined by a gene located on one of the sex chromosomes
- insertion
- part of a chromosome is added into another
- frameshift mutation
- gene mutation involving an addition or deletion that alters every codon from the point of the mutation on; can completely change the polypeptide product produced by the gene
- codominance
- condition in which both alleles of a gene are expressed
- autosome
- chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome
- operator
- region of chromosomes near the cluster of genes in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is "turned off"
- Down Syndrome
- nondisjunction; extra 21st chromosome; causes mental impairment; can be diagnosed prenatally
- sex chromosome
- chromosome that is different in males and females; often involved in sex determination
- intron
- intervening sequence of DNA that does not code for a protein
- gene mutation
- change involving the nucleotides of DNA & affects the function of the gene
- recombinant
- individual organisms with new combinations of genes
- nondisjunction
- failure of homologous chromosomes to separate normally during meiosis
- point mutation
- gene mutation that affects a single nucleotide/base
- inversion
- getting flipped around; reversed
- Klinefelter Syndrome
- nondisjunction disorder; 47XXY; male in appearance but sterile
- operon
- genes and regions of DNA that operate together; consists of a gene cluster and regions involved in the regulation and expression of that cluster
- sickle cell anemia
- blood cells are bent; caused by a point mutation; weakness, dizzy spells, sores on body from lack of oxygen in blood; can cause clots
- germ mutation
- a mutation that affects sex cells and is passed on to offspring