ling 451 final
Terms
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- what 3 things motivate the concept of a syllable?
- existence of phonotactics, stress is simplified using it, certain phonological operations (epenthesis) are understood better with reference to it
- what are 8 factors that influence transcription?
- quality of signal, transcriber competance, trancription level (broad/narrow), familiarity with phonetic characteristics not in language (weird diacritics), spelling, assumptions about target, connected speech vs. single words, complexity of stimuli
- natural class
- group of sounds that share one or more distinctive features
- what development occurs at 1.5 years?
- 2 successive single word utterances, nasals and [w]
- what occurs during 6-10m of age? what change occurs at 10m?
- babbling, contrasts between sounds can be discrimnated;babbling with more sounds as well as stress and intonation
- manner of articulation
- the way that airflow is controlled
- what are the features of variegated babbling?
- fewer monosyllables, larger portion is non-reduplicative (infants with severe hearing impairment dont reach this stage)
- foot
- grouping of one or more syllables
- iambic stress
- right headed stress
- what are phonological features designed to capture?
- articulation of phonemes, aerodynamic qualitites excluding acoustics, patterns that phonemes take part in, natural classes
- what development occurs at 3-3.5years?
- the liquid [l], question utterance
- What is a 'feature'?
- phonological based that pulls out functionally important aspects of speech sounds which can describe articulators, positioning, movements, control of airflow
- what is the relationship between perception and production?
- child may percieve hundreds of words before production; production fine tunes perceptions
- what is a relational analysis?
- compare adult and child pronunciations
- differences in vocal tract shape of a 6month old?
- no pharynx, shorter oral cavity, oral cavity is wider, upper surface of oral cavity is flatter, no teeth, larger tongue, NOT "L" SHAPED!!!
- what development occurs at 2yrs?
- adult word order, reliable stress patterns
- What learning effects occur at 10months?
- babbling is responsive to environment: observing/imitating adults, children from different language backgrounds start to sound different
- narrow category
- phones/allophones; lots more detail, trancriptions with narrow categories allows any speaker to correctly pronounce the word
- what are the optimal characterstics of a syllable?
- optimal start is as closed as possible followed by maximally open vocal tract
- Phonology
- studies the sound system of a specific language and how speech sounds pattern together
- phrase
- grouping of two or more words
- What are the characteristics of a constricted glottis?
- voicing, low supraglottal pressure, rapid rhythmic opening/closing of vocal folds
- free variation
- more than 1 pronunciation possible for same word in the same context
- what are the features of canonical babbling?
- single syllables, reduplicative
- what are the 4 techniques used when studying infants?
- sucking, head turning, eye movements, heartrate
- neutralized category
- when categories are neutralized they show no contrast between two sounds (typically near category boundaries)
- what features make up cooing?
- single syllables, closed-then-open, velars/uvulars
- between word variability
- same adult target sound is pronounced differently in different words, but each word has a single stable pronunciation (ex: replacing 'd' with many consonants')
- what are the strength positions in the syllable?
- strong :word intial, intermediate : coda, weak: C2 in onset or intervocalic Consonant
- Normalization
- relation of F1 and F2 are consistent across vocal tracts (even though there is variation in size/shape of vocal tract)
- high amplitude sucking
- when something new is presented sucking rate increases
- stress clash
- two adjacent stressed syllables (SS)
- what development occurs at 3.5-4yrs?
- liquid [r], multiclause sentences and relative clauses
- what development occurs at 34.5-5 years?
- all phonemes, more conjunctions, metalinguistic abilities (defining words)
- what is in independent analysis?
- full analysis of child's sounds
- babbling
- utterance of linguistic sounds without meaning; usually have onsets but no codas, stress not manipulated
- Voicing (laryngeal state)
- what is happening in the larynx with the vocal folds
- word
- grouping of two or more feet
- trochaic stress
- left-headed stress
- which transcription/category method is best for children?
- narrow because children do not yet have the adult system
- Phonetics
- study of the physical properties of sounds used in human speech
- IPA
- international phonetic alphabet; designed to capture phonological contrasts so no unambiguous way to indicate certain fine details (some symbols missing); assumes all speakers have the same vocal tract and equivalent neural control
- what development occurs at 1year?
- first words, constraint babbling made primarily of stops and vowels with Sw stress pattern, loss of non-native contrasts
- Categories
- grouping of instances based on shared characteristics
- what development occurs at 2.5-3yrs?
- fricatives, determiners/pronouns, past tense and one clause sentence
- What are the characteristics of a spread glottis?
- high airflow, voiceless
- what are the 3 speech sound categories?
- place,manner, voicing
- Broad category
- phonemes; focus on phonetic differences between sounds that distinguishes one word from another (like broad transcription, the basics)
- place of articulation
- location of articulators in the vocal tract
- what are the features of babbling?
- rhythmic opening/closing of oral cavity while voicing (identical in both deaf and hearing babies)
- what 3 things help stress be realized?
- duration, loudness, pitch
- what is the common pattern for sequence development? ('fixing of adult targets')
- delete, assimilate only, defaults only, correct output
- what are the place of articulation statistics for hearing impaired?
- labials then dentals then velars (relying heavily on visual info)
- heart rate measure
- when something new is presented the heart beat increases and slowly decreases as habituation occurs
- What development occurs during the baby's first months?
- coo/babble; discrimination of minimal pairs
- what is the sonority scale?
- stop, fricative, nasal, liquid, glide, vowel (low to high)
- what is the bottom up processing of language?
- bottom=sound, top=meaning
- headturning
- when the infant hears a new sound it will turn its head towards the sound
- what are the place of articulation statistics for normal hearing?
- dental then bilabial then velar
- binary feature and privative feature
- + or - for a characteristic; segment with or without characteristic
- what is the prosodic heirarchy?
- prosodic word, foot, syllable, mora, segment, feature