HSLS Exam 2

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Articulation disorders Cleft lip/ palate: elongated opening.
occurs on one or both sides.
involves lip, palate, combinations.
Cleft Lip/ palate classifications: Unilateral incomplete
Unilateral complete
Bilateral incomplete
bilateral complete
Causes of Cleft Lip/ Palate: Unsure.
Maternal diet, medications, radiation, rubella, stress, genetic.
Developmental issues with Cleft Lip/ Palate: Feeding problems/ air pressure, feeding time, limited food intake, choking, nasal regurgitation, poor weight gain.
Middle ear disease, psychological issues, slower language and articulation development.
Articulation disorders. Developmental dysarthria.: Abnormal facial muscle tonus
Low tone- drooping, drooling
High tone- taut/ grimaces
Difficulty with rapid speech and non- speech.
Articulation discorder Developmental apraxia: Defecit in programming, combining, sequencing of speech elements.
Articulation disorder Hearing loss: Artic delay due to infections/ temporal hearing loss.
Cerebral Palsy What is it?: Brain abnormality of motor system
Classifications of Cerebral palsy: Neuromotor-
Spasticity- too much tone
Athetotis- involuntary contractions
Mixed
Ataxia- incoordination/ lack of balance
Articulation Evaluation: interview, audiometric testing, oral motor assesment, articulation test
Disorders of fluency Stuttering: Syllable repitition, sound repitition, sound prolongations, sound blocks, non speech behaviors
Theories of stuttering Diagnostic theory: normal disfluencies are labeled as stuttering
parent creates an environment that the difference is a handicap.
stuttering begins not in childs mouth, but in parents ears
Theories of stuttering Psychological Theories: stuttering is a mechanism to repress unwanted feelings
psychotherapy to uncover hidden feelings rather than direct therapy for stuttering
theories of suttering neurological theories: neither side of the brain is dominant in controlling motor speech
Theories of suttering motor theories: abnormal airway pilation reflex (APR)
-discoordination b/w phonation and breathing.
Laryngeal stress
Theories of stuttering Focus of contemporary research: relationship b/w stuttering and CNS
Stuttering and brain functions
Classifications of this Articulation disorder: Unilateral complete, bilateral complete, unilateral incomplete, bilateral incomplete.: Cleft/ Lip Palate
Characteristics of this articulation disorder: Elongated opening, failure of parts to fuse/ merge Occurs on one or both sides: Cleft Lip/ Palate
Causes of this articulation disorder: Maternal diet, medications, radiation, rubelle, stress, genetics.: Cleft Lip/ Palate
Effects on speech of this articulation disorder: Slower language and articulation development.: Cleft Lip/ Palate
Characteristics of this articulation disorder: Low tone: Drooping, drooling High tone: taut/ grimaces: Developmental dysarthria
Effect of this articulation disorder on speech: Difficulty with rapid speech and non speech.: Developmental dysarthria
Effect on speech of this articulation disorder: problems with programming, combining, sequencing: Developmental apraxia.
Brain abnormality of motor system: Cerebral palsy
Too much tone: spasticity
too mch tone. speech interrupted by breath/ voice breaks: spasticity
involuntary contractions lack of respiration/ monotone voice Facial grimacing: athetotis
incoordination/ lack of balance slurred effortful speech: Ataxia
part of articulation affected by cerebral palsy: hypernasaltiy
tongue lip and jaw coordination
Normal vs stuttering? word, phrase, sentence repititions, hesitations/ pauses, interjections: Normal dysfluencies
normal vs stuttering? syllable, sound repititions, sound prolongations, sound blocks, non speech behavior: stuttering
Theory of stuttering: normal dysfluencies are labeled as stuttering. parents create an environment that is different= handicap. stuttering begins in parents ears.: Diagnosogenic theory
Theories of stuttering: stuttering is a mechanism to repress unwanted feelings. psychotherapy to uncover hidden feelings rather than direct therapy for stuttering: Psychological theories
Theory of stuttering: neither side of the brain is dominant in controlling motor speech: Neurological theory
Theory of stuttering: abnormal airway pilation reflex (APR). discoordination b/w phonation and breathing. laryngeal stress.: motor theories
Theory of stuttering: relationship b/w stuttering and CNS stuttering and brain functions.: focus of contemporary research
Therapy Approach to stuttering: stuttering is a symptom: no direct treatment. ABC focus: psychological approach
Affective Behavior Cognition: ABC apprach (psychological approach)
Therapy Approach to stuttering: shaping of fluent speech find an easy fluent way to speak: modify speech approach
Therapy Approach to stuttering: root of stuttering: struggle to be fluent learn to stutter with less effort goal: Adequate communication with stuttering, not avoiding stuttering.: modifying stuttering approach
disorder of fluency: rapid speech rate. slurred/ omitted sounds.: Cluttering
disorder of fluency: Acquired. linked to neurological event.: neurogenic stuttering
disorder of fluency: related to anxiety disturbances. associated with specific speaking situations.: psychogenic stuttering
Voice disorders related to vocal fold tissue changes: swollen red vocal folds. disrupts normal vibration.: Traumatic laryngitis
Voice disorders related to vocal fold tissue changes: small fibrous bumps/ calluses on borders of the vocal folds: vocal nodules
Voice disorders related to vocal fold tissue changes: small fluid filled sacs soft and compliant: vocal polyps
Voice disorders related to vocal fold tissue changes: wart-like growth along the vocal tract and respiratory system: Papailloma
complete loss of voice: aphonia
change in voice quality: dysphonia
double voice where each fold vibrates at a different rate: diplophonia
Voice disorders related to vocal fold tissue changes: persistent hoarseness. swallowing problems. swelling in throat.: Carcinoma
permanent opening in neck: stoma
Air trapped in esophagus air belched back air modified by articulators: esophageal speech
trachea attached to stoma for breathing which no longer occurs through nose of mouth: tracheostomy
vibrator substituting vibration of vf: electrolarynx
a small opening b/w the esophagus and trachea. a valve keeps food out of the trachea but lets air into the esophagus for esophageal speech.: tracheoesophageal puncture
Neurological voice disorder: damage to one or both laryngeal nerves (vagus #10) Occurs during surgery: vocal fold paralysis
Characteristics of vocal fold paralysis: breathy voice (unilateral)
aphonia (bilateral)
treatment of unilateral vf paralysis: recovery of nerve w/in 6 months
treatment for bilateral vf paralysis: surgery to create open airway for breathing
stoma tube b/c cant open vf. or there will be no protection.
Neurological voice disorder: dysfunction of neural signals controlling vf.: spasmodic dysphonia
type of spasmodic dysphonia: vf spasm apart less frequent type breathy voice: abductor SD
type of spasmodic dysphonia: vf close tightly during speech strained/ strangled voice quality or voice stoppage: adductor SD
treatment for spasmodic dysphonia (both types): Botox
toxin injection that stops contraction of vf muscle
treatment for spasmodic dysphonia (adductor only): surgery-
cut one of the nerves to create unilateral vf paralysis
swallowing disorder: dysphagia
oral prepatory stage: first stage of swallowing
oral transport stage: second stage of swallowing
pharyngeal stage: 3rd stage of swallowing
esophageal stage: 4th stage of swallowing
prepare food in mouth. teeth, lips, tongue, soft palate hold food in oral cavity: 1. oral prep. stage
tongue propels bolus into pharynx by pressing it up against the hard palate and pushing backward. Loss of bolus control: 2. oral transport stage
movement of bolus through pharynx and into esophagus. food does not clear throat risk of choking: 3. pharyngeal stage
transport of bolus from esophagus to stomach reflux: 4. esophageal stage
assessment of dysphagia: identification/ estimation of food aspirated effects of different food consistencies: videofluroscopy
Components of language: study of sounds of speech FORM: phonology
components of language: FORM structure of sentences: Syntax
components of language: FORM grammar, putting the right endings on words: morphology
stands alone. cannot be divided. nouns or adverbs.: free morphemes
must be attached to another word ly, ed, ing: bound morphemes
components of language: CONTENT meanings of words 2 kinds of meaning: semantics
literal meaning of words: denotative
subtle overtones. cool vs cool: connotative
components of language: how words are used in different situations social appropriateness: pragmatics
Approaches to the study of language acquisition: language is learned, environmental influences, language can be taught, shaped, reinforced: behavioral approach
Approaches to the study of language acquisition: born with physical equipment to understand and express language rules of language part of biological endowment.: nativist (innateness) approach
Approaches to the study of language acquisition: cognitive development prereq to language development. hierarchial/ matural stages: cognitive approach
Approaches to the study of language acquisition: left hemisphere controls language right hemisphere controls rhythm, tonality, emotions: biological approach
stages of language development: using words context gives clue to meaning parent feedback: repitition and expansion: 21 months. 1st stage
stages of language development: understood well. single words/ short sentences telegraphiz speech: 28 months. 2nd stage
stages of language development: increased length of utterances complete sentence more gramatical morphemes more content: 39 months. 3rd stage
stages of language development: revision/ false starts new experience provide new words- new language content words acquired- frame for new experiences and learning: 44 months. 4th stage
language disorder: difficulties with attention and impulse control: attention defecit disorder
ADD
language disorder: abnormal brain activity impaired social interaction disturbed or loss of language development: autism
language disorder: IQ intelligence quotent less than 70 on standardized measure and significant deficits in daily functioning: Mental retardation
language disorder: acquired due to brain damage stroke, infection, tumor, seizures normal intelligence mute initially, then short simple sentences difficulties w reading writing academics: Childhood Aphasia

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