HSLS Exam 2
Terms
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copy deck
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Articulation disorders
Cleft lip/ palate -
elongated opening.
occurs on one or both sides.
involves lip, palate, combinations. - Cleft Lip/ palate classifications
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Unilateral incomplete
Unilateral complete
Bilateral incomplete
bilateral complete - Causes of Cleft Lip/ Palate
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Unsure.
Maternal diet, medications, radiation, rubella, stress, genetic. - Developmental issues with Cleft Lip/ Palate
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Feeding problems/ air pressure, feeding time, limited food intake, choking, nasal regurgitation, poor weight gain.
Middle ear disease, psychological issues, slower language and articulation development. -
Articulation disorders.
Developmental dysarthria. -
Abnormal facial muscle tonus
Low tone- drooping, drooling
High tone- taut/ grimaces
Difficulty with rapid speech and non- speech. -
Articulation discorder
Developmental apraxia - Defecit in programming, combining, sequencing of speech elements.
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Articulation disorder
Hearing loss - Artic delay due to infections/ temporal hearing loss.
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Cerebral Palsy
What is it? - Brain abnormality of motor system
- Classifications of Cerebral palsy
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Neuromotor-
Spasticity- too much tone
Athetotis- involuntary contractions
Mixed
Ataxia- incoordination/ lack of balance - Articulation Evaluation
- interview, audiometric testing, oral motor assesment, articulation test
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Disorders of fluency
Stuttering - Syllable repitition, sound repitition, sound prolongations, sound blocks, non speech behaviors
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Theories of stuttering
Diagnostic theory -
normal disfluencies are labeled as stuttering
parent creates an environment that the difference is a handicap.
stuttering begins not in childs mouth, but in parents ears -
Theories of stuttering
Psychological Theories -
stuttering is a mechanism to repress unwanted feelings
psychotherapy to uncover hidden feelings rather than direct therapy for stuttering -
theories of suttering
neurological theories - neither side of the brain is dominant in controlling motor speech
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Theories of suttering
motor theories -
abnormal airway pilation reflex (APR)
-discoordination b/w phonation and breathing.
Laryngeal stress -
Theories of stuttering
Focus of contemporary research -
relationship b/w stuttering and CNS
Stuttering and brain functions -
Classifications of this Articulation disorder:
Unilateral complete, bilateral complete, unilateral incomplete, bilateral incomplete. - Cleft/ Lip Palate
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Characteristics of this articulation disorder:
Elongated opening, failure of parts to fuse/ merge
Occurs on one or both sides - Cleft Lip/ Palate
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Causes of this articulation disorder:
Maternal diet, medications, radiation, rubelle, stress, genetics. - Cleft Lip/ Palate
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Effects on speech of this articulation disorder:
Slower language and articulation development. - Cleft Lip/ Palate
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Characteristics of this articulation disorder:
Low tone: Drooping, drooling
High tone: taut/ grimaces - Developmental dysarthria
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Effect of this articulation disorder on speech:
Difficulty with rapid speech and non speech. - Developmental dysarthria
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Effect on speech of this articulation disorder:
problems with programming, combining, sequencing - Developmental apraxia.
- Brain abnormality of motor system
- Cerebral palsy
- Too much tone
- spasticity
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too mch tone.
speech interrupted by breath/ voice breaks - spasticity
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involuntary contractions
lack of respiration/ monotone voice
Facial grimacing - athetotis
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incoordination/ lack of balance
slurred effortful speech - Ataxia
- part of articulation affected by cerebral palsy
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hypernasaltiy
tongue lip and jaw coordination -
Normal vs stuttering?
word, phrase, sentence repititions, hesitations/ pauses, interjections - Normal dysfluencies
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normal vs stuttering?
syllable, sound repititions, sound prolongations, sound blocks, non speech behavior - stuttering
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Theory of stuttering:
normal dysfluencies are labeled as stuttering. parents create an environment that is different= handicap. stuttering begins in parents ears. - Diagnosogenic theory
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Theories of stuttering:
stuttering is a mechanism to repress unwanted feelings. psychotherapy to uncover hidden feelings rather than direct therapy for stuttering - Psychological theories
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Theory of stuttering:
neither side of the brain is dominant in controlling motor speech - Neurological theory
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Theory of stuttering:
abnormal airway pilation reflex (APR). discoordination b/w phonation and breathing. laryngeal stress. - motor theories
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Theory of stuttering:
relationship b/w stuttering and CNS
stuttering and brain functions. - focus of contemporary research
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Therapy Approach to stuttering:
stuttering is a symptom: no direct treatment. ABC focus - psychological approach
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Affective
Behavior
Cognition - ABC apprach (psychological approach)
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Therapy Approach to stuttering:
shaping of fluent speech
find an easy fluent way to speak - modify speech approach
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Therapy Approach to stuttering:
root of stuttering: struggle to be fluent
learn to stutter with less effort
goal: Adequate communication with stuttering, not avoiding stuttering. - modifying stuttering approach
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disorder of fluency:
rapid speech rate. slurred/ omitted sounds. - Cluttering
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disorder of fluency:
Acquired. linked to neurological event. - neurogenic stuttering
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disorder of fluency:
related to anxiety
disturbances.
associated with specific speaking situations. - psychogenic stuttering
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Voice disorders related to vocal fold tissue changes:
swollen red vocal folds.
disrupts normal vibration. - Traumatic laryngitis
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Voice disorders related to vocal fold tissue changes:
small fibrous bumps/ calluses on borders of the vocal folds - vocal nodules
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Voice disorders related to vocal fold tissue changes:
small fluid filled sacs
soft and compliant - vocal polyps
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Voice disorders related to vocal fold tissue changes:
wart-like growth along the vocal tract and respiratory system - Papailloma
- complete loss of voice
- aphonia
- change in voice quality
- dysphonia
- double voice where each fold vibrates at a different rate
- diplophonia
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Voice disorders related to vocal fold tissue changes:
persistent hoarseness.
swallowing problems.
swelling in throat. - Carcinoma
- permanent opening in neck
- stoma
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Air trapped in esophagus
air belched back
air modified by articulators - esophageal speech
- trachea attached to stoma for breathing which no longer occurs through nose of mouth
- tracheostomy
- vibrator substituting vibration of vf
- electrolarynx
- a small opening b/w the esophagus and trachea. a valve keeps food out of the trachea but lets air into the esophagus for esophageal speech.
- tracheoesophageal puncture
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Neurological voice disorder:
damage to one or both laryngeal nerves (vagus #10)
Occurs during surgery - vocal fold paralysis
- Characteristics of vocal fold paralysis
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breathy voice (unilateral)
aphonia (bilateral) - treatment of unilateral vf paralysis
- recovery of nerve w/in 6 months
- treatment for bilateral vf paralysis
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surgery to create open airway for breathing
stoma tube b/c cant open vf. or there will be no protection. -
Neurological voice disorder:
dysfunction of neural signals controlling vf. - spasmodic dysphonia
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type of spasmodic dysphonia:
vf spasm apart
less frequent type
breathy voice - abductor SD
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type of spasmodic dysphonia:
vf close tightly during speech
strained/ strangled voice quality or voice stoppage - adductor SD
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treatment for spasmodic dysphonia
(both types) -
Botox
toxin injection that stops contraction of vf muscle -
treatment for spasmodic dysphonia
(adductor only) -
surgery-
cut one of the nerves to create unilateral vf paralysis - swallowing disorder
- dysphagia
- oral prepatory stage
- first stage of swallowing
- oral transport stage
- second stage of swallowing
- pharyngeal stage
- 3rd stage of swallowing
- esophageal stage
- 4th stage of swallowing
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prepare food in mouth.
teeth, lips, tongue, soft palate hold food in oral cavity - 1. oral prep. stage
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tongue propels bolus into pharynx by pressing it up against the hard palate and pushing backward.
Loss of bolus control - 2. oral transport stage
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movement of bolus through pharynx and into esophagus.
food does not clear throat
risk of choking - 3. pharyngeal stage
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transport of bolus from esophagus to stomach
reflux - 4. esophageal stage
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assessment of dysphagia:
identification/ estimation of food aspirated
effects of different food consistencies - videofluroscopy
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Components of language:
study of sounds of speech
FORM - phonology
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components of language:
FORM
structure of sentences - Syntax
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components of language:
FORM
grammar, putting the right endings on words - morphology
- stands alone. cannot be divided. nouns or adverbs.
- free morphemes
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must be attached to another word
ly, ed, ing - bound morphemes
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components of language:
CONTENT
meanings of words
2 kinds of meaning - semantics
- literal meaning of words
- denotative
- subtle overtones. cool vs cool
- connotative
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components of language:
how words are used in different situations
social appropriateness - pragmatics
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Approaches to the study of language acquisition:
language is learned, environmental influences, language can be taught, shaped, reinforced - behavioral approach
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Approaches to the study of language acquisition:
born with physical equipment to understand and express language
rules of language part of biological endowment. - nativist (innateness) approach
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Approaches to the study of language acquisition:
cognitive development prereq to language development.
hierarchial/ matural stages - cognitive approach
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Approaches to the study of language acquisition:
left hemisphere controls language
right hemisphere controls rhythm, tonality, emotions - biological approach
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stages of language development:
using words
context gives clue to meaning
parent feedback: repitition and expansion - 21 months. 1st stage
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stages of language development:
understood well.
single words/ short sentences
telegraphiz speech - 28 months. 2nd stage
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stages of language development:
increased length of utterances
complete sentence
more gramatical morphemes
more content - 39 months. 3rd stage
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stages of language development:
revision/ false starts
new experience provide new words- new language content
words acquired- frame for new experiences and learning - 44 months. 4th stage
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language disorder:
difficulties with attention and impulse control -
attention defecit disorder
ADD -
language disorder:
abnormal brain activity
impaired social interaction
disturbed or loss of language development - autism
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language disorder:
IQ intelligence quotent less than 70 on standardized measure and significant deficits in daily functioning - Mental retardation
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language disorder:
acquired due to brain damage
stroke, infection, tumor, seizures
normal intelligence
mute initially, then short simple sentences
difficulties w reading writing academics - Childhood Aphasia