Psychology 110 - Final
Terms
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- Freud's Systems of Personality: Id
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- present at birth
- unconscious
- seek pleasure and avoid pain
- instant gratification - Freud's Systems of Personality: Superego
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- ages 5-6
- all 3 levels
- conscience
- right & wrong
- perfectionist
- societal & parental aspect - Freud's Systems of Personality: Ego
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- all 3 levels
- controls id & superego
- delayed gratification
- 5-6 years old
- reality principle - Ego Defense Mechanisms: Repression
- involuntarily removing bad memories & suppressing sexual/aggressive impulses
- Ego Defense Mechanisms: Projection
- attributing own motives on others (undesirable impulses or traits)
- Ego Defense Mechanisms: Denial
- refusal to acknowledge existence of danger/threat
- Ego Defense Mechanisms: Rationalization
- supplying logical/rational reason instead of real reason
- Ego Defense Mechanisms: Regression
- reverting to the a behavior of earlier development
- Ego Defense Mechanisms: Reaction formation
- expressing exaggerated ideas/emotions that oppose impulses and desires
- Ego Defense Mechanisms: Displacement
- Substituting less threatening object for original object of impulse
- Ego Defense Mechanisms: Sublimation
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rechanneling sexual/aggressive energy into socially acceptable behavior
***only healthy one*** - Ego Defense Mechanisms: Identification
- taking on someone else's characteristics
- Ego Defense Mechanisms: Intellectualization
- distancing self from uncomfortable impulses by looking at them abstractly
- Stages of Psychosexual Development: Oral
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- 0-1 years
- mouth
- weaning/oral gratification
- optimism, dependence, gullibility, pessimism, passivity, hostility, sarcasm, aggression - Stages of Psychosexual Development: Anal
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- 1-3 years
- anus
- toilet training, gratification from expelling/withholding feces
- cleanliness, orderlineess, stinginess, messiness, rebelliousness, destructiveness - Stages of Psychosexual Development: Phallic
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- 3-6 years
- genitals
- Oedipal conflict, sexual curiosity, masturbation
- flirtatiousness, vanity, promiscuity, pride, chastity - Stages of Psychosexual Development: Latency
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- 6-puberty
- period of sexual calm, focus on school, hobbies, same-sex friends - Stages of Psychosexual Development: Genital
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- puberty+
- genital
- revival of sexual interests
- establishment of mature sexual relationships - Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung
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- analytic psychology
- expanded unconscious
- ego, personal unconscious, collective unconscious (from archetypes in dreams)
- archetypes: persona, shadow, anima/animus
- introverted/extroverted (components of both, one dominates)
- midlife crisis - Neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler
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- inferiority complex
- birth order hypothesis
- perfectionism - Neo-Freudians: Karen Horney
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- took issue with Freud's phallocentrism
- environmental/social factors, childhood relationships - Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism
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- Behavior, environment, and traits interact
- self efficacy: personal belief that you are capable of performing behaviors to achieve goals - Rotter's Locus of Control
- - master of your own destiny (internal) vs. fate/luck/God (external)
- Humanism
- Problems arise from incongruence between self & ideal self
- Big 5
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Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness to Experience
Extroversion
- measured by Costa & McCrae: NEO Personality Inventory - Big 5: Conscientiousness
- responsible vs. careless
- Big 5: Agreeableness
- friendly vs. cold
- Big 5: Neuroticism
- anxious vs. easy-going
- Big 5: Openness to Experience
- curious vs. dull
- Big 5: Extroversion
- outgoing vs. introverted
- Culture & Personality
- Individualist vs. collectivist, different in all parts of the world, but all want to enhance self esteem
- Personality Assessment
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- Observation, Interviews, Rating Scales
- Personality Inventories
- Projective Tests - Personality Assessment: Observation, Interviews, Rating Scales
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- Observation (Behaviorists): time-consuming, may influence behavior
- Interviews: unstructured and structured (free-flowing vs. predetermined questions and order)
- Rating Scale: standard format, rate different traits - Personality Assessment: Personality Inventories
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- paper & pencil tests, answer questions about self
- MMPI: most widely used, updated, scales for faking
- CPI: sane person's MMPI, employment
- MBTI: Jung's theory, 4 dimensions - bipolar, business - Personality Assessment: Projective Tests
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- indirect way to determine personality
- Rorschach tests (strict interpretation rules)
- ambiguous statements to determine theme
- Thematic Apperception Test - vague (show a photo, "tell me a story about this" OR sentence completion) - Types of interviews
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Unstructured vs. structured
free-flowing vs. predetermined - Most commonly used inventory
- MMPI
- Most commonly used projective test
- Rorschach
- Prevalence of mental disorder
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22:1 compared to cancer every year
50% if U.S. will be diagnosed w/ mental disorder - Treatment w/ Five Perspectives
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- Biological: drug therapy, ECT, psychosurgery
- Psychodynamic: counseling, psychoanalysis
- Learning: operant conditioning, classical conditioning, modeling
- Cognitive: cognitive therapy
- Biopsychosocial: combination - Anxiety Disorders
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- most common
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder: vague but intense fears
- Panic Disorders: terror attacks
- Phobias: excessive fears
- OCD: recurring thoughts, repetitive actions
- Social Phobia: fear of public embarrassment - Obsessions vs. compulsions
- Recurring thoughts vs. repetitive behaviors
- Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder
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- overwhelmed by sadness and apathy, loss of appetite and concentration, may be suicidal
- women greater risk after puberty, men before
- Asian countries less MDD
- "common cold" of psychological disorders - Mood Disorders: Bi-Polar Disorder
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- equal to men & women, more hereditary
- mania and depression
- many creative people - Suicide gender differences
- Women try more (O.D.) but men succeed more (firearms)
- Schizophrenia - symptoms
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Positive symptoms (presence): delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate behaviors and thoughts, disorganized speech
Negative symptoms (absence): flat affect (no emotion), limited speech, avolition - Types of Schizophrenia
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1. Paranoid - suspicious, delusions, emotions intact
2. Disorganized (earliest onset) - bizarre & childlike, flat/inappropriate affect
3. Catatonic: waxy flexibility, alternate between frozen and active
4. Undifferentiated: none or 1 or more of the above, catchall - Risk factors of schizophrenia
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- Genetics
- Too much stress that a person can't handle
- environmental factor (birth trauma, head injury, etc.) - Somatoform Disorders
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- Hypochondriasis: interprets small symptom as sign of serious disease
- Conversion disorder: bizarre symptoms (wake up paralyzed, blind, deaf, seizures, etc.), think "oh, well, I can live with this," trauma is so bad that the condition is an improvement - Dissociative Disorders
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- Dissociative amnesia: loss of memory w/ no organic cause
- Dissociative fugue: leaves home and assumes a new identity, very rare
- Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly MPD): separate people w/ different memories, voices, etc. (96% women, 95% of them were severely abused) - Personality Disorders
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- learned early in life and cause distress
- Cluster A (odd, may be quasi-schizo)
- Cluster B (dramatic, may be quasi-mood)
- Cluster C (anxious, quasi-anxiety) - Psychoanalysis Techniques
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- Insight: understanding of behavior so they can change
- Relationship: interpersonal communication
- Behavior: learned behavior
- Cognitive: Thoughts
- Biological: Drug/ECT/psychosurgery - Brief Psychodynamic therapy
- Just as effective
- Humanistic Therapies
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- unconditional positive regard, fully-functioning client
- gestalt: get in touch with your feelings - Interpersonal therapy problems
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death
roles
life changes
skills - Behavior therapies
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Operant: token economics, exchange for goods and services later/time out - will lose reinforcements
Classical: systematic desensitization (over time), flooding (all at once), exposure & response prevention (10 sessions better than drugs alone for OCD & PTSD), aversive therapy and conditioning (eliminate unwanted behavior with pain)
Participant Modeling: watch others perform desired behavior - Cognitive therapies
- ABC: Activating Event, Belief, Consequence (B is real problem, not A / replace irrational with rational)
- Drug therapies
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Most-used method of biological
Antipsychotics good for schizo, reduce hallucinations and delusions (disadvantage: muscle twitching) / traditional: decrease positive (tardive diskinesia), atypical - reduce positive & negative
Antidepressants: tricyclics (weight gain), SSRIs (decreased sex drive), MAOI (better for atypical symptoms, not good for mixing)
Lithium & anticonvulsants
Tranquilizers - Lithium
- Wonder drug for bipolar, but slow
- Largest selling drug for anxiety
- Tranquilizers (Xanax)
- ECT
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for depression that does not respond to other therapies
no unilateral (right hemisphere)
RTMS another option (Rapid Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) - Psychosurgery
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Prefrontal lobotomy not used often today
Cingulotomy - drastic and irreversible