Child Deveolpment Final
Terms
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- genotype
- complex blend of info that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics
- phenotypes
- direct observable characteristic
- genes
- segment of DNA along the length of the chromosomes
- mitosis
- duplication of autosomes
- meiosis
- duplication of sex chromosomes
- genetic counseling
- help couples see chances of giving birth to a child with certain characteristics
- genetic environmental correlation
- our genes influence the environment to which we are exposed
- niche-picking
- tendency to actively choose environments that compliment our heredity
- passive
- child has no control over environment (parent good at something, they may be influenced)
- active
- actively seeking the environment to fit genetic tendency
- concordance rate
- percentage of instances in which both twins show a trait whin it is presented in one twin
- heritability-estimates
- the extents to which individuals differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors
- range of reaction
- each person has a unique genetically determined responce to the environment
- period of zygote
- fertilization, decends down fallopian tube, duplicates and implants
- blastocyst
- outercells that become placenta, umbilical cord
- Period of the embryo
- implantation to laying down of bone cells, 95% of all body parts begin to appear
- nueral tube
- ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
- ectoderm
- skin, sense organs, nervous system
- mesoderm
- musculartory, circulatory, excretory
- endoderm
- digestive and glandular
- cephalclaudal
- top down dev.
- proximodistal
- center out dev.
- period of fetus
- until end of pregnancy, "growth and finishing", longest period
- age of viability
- point at which baby can first survive
- teratogen
- any environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal period
- RH factor
- RH-, Rh+, blood may release white blood cells, attach 2nd baby if baby is rh+
- amnion
- membrane to enclose embryo filled with amniotic fluid to buffer and regulate temperature
- placenta
- allows exchange of substances thru membrane
- umbillical cord
- 2 arteries that remove waste away from fetus, 1 vein that sends nutrients to baby
- critical period
- refers to the limited time during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but need support of stimulating environment
- Birth Stages
- uterin contrations-thin, help child move into birth canal, babys head appear- contractions propell baby foward ends with birth, expulsion of placenta
- anoxia
- baby does not recieve enough oxygen
- low birth weight
- baby less than 5.5lbs, more of a problem than preterm
- preterm baby
- born before 34 weeks gestation
- APGAR scale
- Appearance, pulse, grimmace, activity, respiration
- Brazelton
- looks at the babys responce to the environment
- eye blink
- blink of eyes when sudden stimulation
- rooting
- touch cheek and baby turns head and starts sucking motion
- swimming
- shows swimming motion
- moro
- arm/leg extention in responce to sudden movement
- grasp
- palmar, plantar
- tonic neck
- fencing motion
- walking
- will simulate walking
- babinski
- side of foot stroked, toes fan out
- synaptic pruning
- nuerons and synapses that are not used, dissapear and other conections strengthen
- breast v. bottle feeding
- either is fine if done correctly, breast milk contains all nutrients
- gross motor development
- control over large actions that help infant move around
- fine motor development
- smaller movements such as reaching or grasping
- marasmus
- wasted condition that occurs when not recieving proper nutrients
- kwashiorkor
- low proteing diet, swelling of belly
- visual
- least developed sense, 20/600 at birth, 20/20 at 6 months
- hearing
- very developed sense, still need louder, higher pitched sounds
- epistomology
- dev. of knowledge, child contributes to his/her own knowledge. "little scientist"
- adaptation
- involves building schemes through direct interative learning with environment
- assimulation
- use current schemas to interpret the external world
- accomodation
- create new schemas or adjust old ones after noticing current ways of thinking do not work
- organization
- grouping of items together of related items
- sensorimotor
- think with eyes, ears, etc. cannot carryout many activities in head
- Reflexes
- 0-1month, assimilation of info by reflexes
- Primary circulatory reactions
- repeat responces centered on ones own body
- Secondary circulatory reaction
- repeat schemes that have an effect on environment 4-8
- Coordination of secondary schemes
- coordinate schemes to attain a goal, means-end, 8-12months
- Tertiary Circulatory reaction
- repeat actions with variation, more experimentation adapt old schemes to new situations 12-18months
- beginning of thought
- schemes mentally represented, infant can solve problemts through symbolic meaning, make-believe play 18-24months
- Vygotsky
- mental functions origin through social interactions
- zone of proxil developement
- range of task that a child can do with out help, with help, etc
- scaffolding
- providing different levels of assistance depending on childs ability
- LAD
- device that a child can understand all languages, but goes away when learning just 1
- phonology
- understand exxpression of sounds patterns
- semantics
- word meanings
- syntax
- rules of putting words together
- pragmatics
- language as a communication tools
- child directed speech
- short sentences with high pitched exagerated expression, clear pronounciation and pauses
- basic emotions
- can tell from facial expressions, happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust
- social smile
- evoked by the stimulus of the human face, around 6-10 weeks old
- laughter
- 3-4 months in responce to active stimuli
- fear
- rises during the second hald of the first year, stranger aniety
- temperment
- stable individual differences in quantity and intensity of emotional reactions, activity level, attention, and emotional self regulation: easy, difficult, slow to warm up
- goodness of fit
- having a favorable environmentto provide favorable outcomes with difficult and slow to warm up kids
- attachment
- strone tie with someone
- Secure attachment
- infant shows some distress on seperation from attachment figure, joy upon reunion, comforted by caregiver, preferance for person over stranger, cooperative, use figure as secure base for attachment
- insecure attachment
- no distress when seperated, aviodant on reunion, no pref. over person and stranger, does not maintaing contact with caregiver
- disorganized, disoriented
- contradictory behavior, least securse attachment, lacks coherent strategy for handling separations and reunions
- I-self
- earliest to emerge, awarness that self is seperate from the world and can control its own thoughts and actions
- Me-self
- 2nd year, sense of self as an object of knowledge and evaluation consist of all the qualities that make the self unique
- emotional self-regulation
- strategies used to adjust emotional states to a comfortable level of intensity so that we can accomplish our goals
- self conscious emotions
- injury to or enhancement of the sense of self. 2nd year
- authoritative
- warm, but firm control
- authoritarian
- stricted control, low warmth
- permissive indulgent
- little control, high warmth
- Permissive indifferent
- low warmth, low control
- induction
- teach child how to empathesize with others, and see the other side
- time out
- removal of child from situation. parents should take time out
- peer relationships
- important social skills, early friendships start at 3, immature understanding of friendship
- Social Problem solving
- interpret social cues, hold bias expectations, how to resolve problems
- Agression
- agression starts off as instrumental, then becomes people oriented, boys more agressive than girls
- Gender development
- sterotyping starts early, learn from culture etc.
- Preoperational thought
- halmark-ability to use inner symbols to represent reality, limitation- egocentric, unable to seperate his/her thoughts from others, can only pay attention to one thing at a time
- sociodramitic play
- make-believe play with others, ability to develope story lines
- Theory of mind
- set of ideas about mental activities
- Metacognition
- Thinking about thought
- Preschool
- can enhance cognitive dev. more toward assisted discovery and cooperative learning
- autism
- A psychiatric disorder of childhood characterized by marked deficits in communication and social interaction, preoccupation with fantasy, language impairment, and abnormal behavior, such as repetitive acts and excessive attachment to certain objects. It is usually associated with intellectual impairment.
- secular trend
- changes in body size from one generation to the next, children and larger today
- injuries and illnesses
-
children higher rate of illness during first 2 years
motor vehicles and bikes most injuries - health education
- need good health information, often get it from tv etc, growing independence, increasing cognitive dev capacities, self concept, physical well being
- child invented games
- games with rules more common in middle childhood, allow children to understand the roles, more mature concept of fairness and justice
- Adult organized sports
- may be robbing crucial learning experiences, may join teams beyond their capabilities
- rough and tumble play
- friendly chasing and playing among children
- physical education
- regular exercise, support healthy bodies sense of self worth and skills to get along with others
- concrete operational period
- has stable organized cognitive system, decentered, reversibility, conservation, seriation,
- attention
- controlled, adaptable and planfull, production deficientcie, control, utilization, and effective
- rehearsal
- repeting information to oneself
- elaboration
- creating relationship or shared meaning between two or more items
- cognitive self regulation
- process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful efforts