Comm 1302 Exam 2
Terms
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- Social cognition theory states that people require and use these patterns and assumptions to construct their view of social reality
- Cognitive Templates
- According to Buller and Burgoon, in this deceit strategy, the communicator hides a secret, does not disclose all the information.
- Concealment
- Stages of aggressive communication; starting with repartee’ and potentially escalating to physiological outburst.
- Hassling
- According to Buller and Burgoon, in this deceit strategy, the communicator phrases the message in a way that dodges the issue.
- Equivocation
- Puts the other person in a “catch 22†position; contradictory messages from a significant other can, in extreme cases, produce schizophrenia.
- Double-Bind Theory
- “I’m not OK; you’re OK†is an example of a what?
- Life Position
- According to Millar and Rogers, the elements that make up this key interpersonal factor are vulnerability, confidence, and reward dependability.
- Trust
- These communication patterns include warm, trusting, supportive, descriptive and equality-oriented statements.
- Confirming
- This theory (Roloff) focuses on how communicators weigh costs and rewards as a basis for maintaining interpersonal relationships.
- Social Exchange
- This theory states that people make sense of their world by seeing themselves and others as members of groups; vital to self-concept.
- Constructivism
- An indirect communication perspective (Laing), expressed, e.g., as “I think you love the Rockets!â€
- Meta Perspective
- . Involving risk and trust, this form of communication, when effective, is reciprocal, incremental and takes into account the ability of the other person to handle the information.
- Self Disclosure
- Individuals who adapt their messages to suit the orientation of the listeners - even if it means compromising their own values.
- Rhetorical Reflectors
- . According to the coordinated management of meaning (Pearce and Cronen), this concept refers to the person’s image of “how things are.â€
- Archetypes
- . According to the coordinated management of meaning (Pearce and Cronen), this concept refers to “episodes that are consistent with the self-concept.â€
- Life Scripts
- . According to Buller and Burgoon, in this deceit strategy, the communicator avoids the truth by creating a fiction.
- Falsification
- According to Buller and Burgoon, in this deceit strategy, the communicator simply dodges the issue in order to avoid the truth.
- Concealment
- According to Schutz, describe the three interpersonal needs that characterize all people?
- Inclusion, Control, Affection
- Inclusion
- The need to have satisfactory relationships with others
- Control
- The need to affect and have power over others and self
- Affection
- The degree of love needed by a person
- According to transactional analysis, what are the three ego states that characterize an individual ?
- Parent, Adult, Child
- Parent
- This state is prescriptive; judgemental; nurturing; often tells us how to behave in a given situation
- Adult
- This ego state is rational, this is decision making
- Child
- inhibited, may be filled with wonder and joy; sometimes rebellious or self-indulgent
- According to transactional analysis, what are the three types of common transactions?
-
Complementary (expected responce),
Crossed (unexpected responce),
Ulterior (responses having double meanings) - According to Berger, what are four ways that an individual can test the quality of a relationship?
-
Direct Questions,
Ask third parties,
Trial intimacy move,
Take for granted strategies,
Endurance tests,
Jealousy Tests,
Fidelity Checks - Direct Questions
- very straight forward
- Ask Third Parties
- Indirect strategy,
- Trial Intamacy Mode
- direct and usually nonverbal strategy; small movements leading to next step
- Taken for granted Strategies
- Times when you dont have to be asked, it is implied
- Endurance Tests
- How much will you put up with
- Jealousy Tests
- partners intentionally making other jealous to see how much they care
- Fidelity Checks
-
Checking up on other person.
3 stages are:
Passive
Active
Interactive - Know the key premises of attribution theory. [Heider and Kelly
-
1. people perceive behavior as being caused
2. The cause can be either in the perciever or in the environment
3. People assign such caused systematically
4. The cause impacts perceivers feelings and behavior
5. One cause will be discounted if others are plausible - Name and briefly clarify Knapp’s four stages of relational development (attraction).
-
Initiation
Experimenting
Intensifying
Bonding - Initiation
- mental and visual scanning based on appearance and any prior knowledge.
- Experimenting
-
walking out of way to introduce yourself;
First Date - Intensifying
- Becoming closer together, holding hands, etc.
- Bonding
- involves public ritual that confirms the two are together, Marriage.
- Name and briefly clarify S. Duck’s four stages of relational dissolution.
-
Intrapsycic
Dyadic
Social
Grave Dressing - Intrapsycic
- Asking yourself why you are involved with this person
- Dyadic
- individual is sharing thoughts with the other
- Social
- The news is out, family friends know
- Grave Dressing
- public story that is told which explains why the relationship dissolved.
- Name and briefly clarify Baxter’s disengagement strategies
-
Pseudo de-escalation
Cost escalation
State of he relationship talk
Attributional conflict
Fait Accompli
Negotiated farewell - Pseudo De-escalation
- A false slowing down, lets date other people
- Cost escalation
- One party runs the cost of the relationship so high, that the other feels forced out.
- State of the relationship talk
- We need to talk...
- Attribution conflict
- Starting a fight and blaming it on the other person
- Fait Accompli
- it is done, it is over!
- Negotiated farewell
- only potentially healthy strategy where both sit down and rationally discuss break up.
- Rhetorical reflectors
- Individuals who adapt thier messages to suit the orientation of the listeners even if it means compromising thier own values
- Noble Selves
- Individuals who communicate strong opinions and hold to thier values without concern for the impact to the listener.
- Know the compliance-gaining strategies.
-
Promises
Threats
Liking
Debt
Moral Appeal
etc. - Know the destructive communication patterns.
-
Aggressive
Evasive
Mind-reading hypothetical
Collusion
False & Untendable Positions
Attributions & Injunctions - Aggressive
- Stages of hassling, causing physiological outburst
- Evasive
- change the focus of responcibilty or the direction of the conversation
- Hypercritical
- patterns are generally no appreciated and frequently manifiested in attributions and injunctions
- False & Untendable Positions
- a person getting into a situation that does not fit thier lifestyle
- Mind-Reading Hypothetical
- To think you can read another persons mind
- Attributions and Injunctions
- Attributions tell us how to be while Injunctions tell us how to act
- How does Action Assembly Theory (Greene) explain the human ability to generate messages?
-
Memory stage, retreival and utilization affect a person's ability to repeat scripts (long and short) and to create novel utterances.
Participation in conversation requires both content and procedural protocols which may be processed in units
Frequency to use affects recollection of action-outcome units require the participant to connect the message and/or tactic to the goal - Clarify the basic tenets of Delia’s constructivism theory.
- The role category questionnaire centers on how people construct meaning through differentiation*, abstraction*, and integration*
- Explain Social Exchange Theory
- Roloff's focus is on how communicators wiegh costs.
- What do Pearce and Cronen mean when they say that, “Communication is the coordinated management of meaning?â€
-
Individual meanings are part of a hierarchy, people choose rules according to this hierarchy.
Communication as coordination - Communication as coordination
- People develop interaction rues to coordinate behavior.
- Episodes
- These are repetitive patterns of behavior
- Contracts
- explicity or implicitly define the requirements of a relationship
- Speech Acts
- messages that are designed to fulfill an intention
- Content
- message itself, the actual utterances
- According to Shimanoff, what four elements characterize communication rules?
-
Rules must be followable
rules are prescriptive
rules are contextual
rules specify appropriate behavior - Name and clarify four of the eight Myers-Briggs personality type indicators.
- Extrovert, Introvert, Sensing, Intuitive, Thinking, Feeling, Judging, Perceiving
- According to Millar and Rogers, the quality of relationships depends on three key factors. Name and briefly clarify them.
-
Control
Trust
Intamacy - Trust
- involves vulnerability, reward dependability, and confidence.
- Intimacy
- Involves transferabiltiy, attachment, and knowledge of one another
- Name four evasive communication patterns.
-
Change the focus of responcibility
change he direction of the conversation,
change the level of the conversation
inconsistent messages - Know the disconfirming communication patterns.
-
Ignoring
Interrupting
Impervious
Irrelevant
Tangential - Know the Functions of Families (Fleck).
-
Mediation
Marital
Nurturant
Relational
Communicative
Emancipation
Recuperative - Mediation
- within the family; between the family and society
- Marital functions
- partners seek gratification; share leadership tasks
- Nurturant functions
- basic care of children including security, socialization, and sensory stimulation
- Relational functions
- members must continually adapt to each other and to extra-familial peer groups
- Communicative functions
- competent messages are essential to congruence
- Emancipation functions
- free children; adjust to seperations
- Recuperative functions
- members can softly relax, regress, and recuperate.
- Be familiar with Message Design Logic.
-
Expressive
Conventional
Rhetorical - Expressive
- message design logic consists of emotional ventilation or cognitive dumps on the other interactants
- Conventional
- messages have effects and communication is a game with rules and conventions
- Rhetorical
- message design logic tactics are used to convey impressions and to influence interaction outcomes
- Know the concepts of Relational Communication
-
Independents
Seperates
Traditionals - Independents
- interact more
- Seperates
- interact less
- Traditionals
- share relational control