Biology Exam 3
Terms
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- cell cycle
- series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
- endocytosis
- process by which a cell takes meterial into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
- heterozygous
- term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait
- hypertonic
- when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
- glycolysis
- first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid
- mitosis
- part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cells nucleus divides
- spindle
- fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis
- gamete
- specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction
- trait
- specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
- cancer
- disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth
- Calvin cycle
- reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compuonds such as sugars
- photosynthesis
- process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
- prophase
- first and longest phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes become vicible and the centrioles separate and take up postions on the opposite sides of the nucleus
- active transport
- energy requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
- hypotonic
- when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
- chromatin
- grandular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
- cytokinesis
- division of the cyroplasm during cell division
- pinocytosis
- process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment
- telophase
- fourth and final phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material
- genetics
- scientific study of heredity
- homozygous
- term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait
- Punnett square
- diagram showing the gene combination that might result from a genetic cross
- cell specialization
- the process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks
- phagocytosis
- process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf lard particles and take them into the cell
- phenotype
- physical characteristic of an organism
- metaphase
- second phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
- cell division
- process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
- segregation
- separation of alleles during gamete formation
- allele
- one of a number of different forms of a gene
- centriole
- one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
- cyclin
- one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
- fertilization
- process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
- probability
- likelihood that a particular event will occur
- hybrid
- offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
- facilitated diffusion
- movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
- true-breeding
- term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate
- interphase
- period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
- anaphase
- the third phase of mitosis during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
- calorie
- amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
- organelle
- specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell