Biology Midterm Exam
For Russell. These are important terms necessary to understand biology.
Terms
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- vacuole
- sac-like structure that stores cellular materials
- chemical reaction
- process that changes one set of substances into another
- cohesion
- attraction between molecules of the same substance
- theory
- a hypothesis that has been well tested and supported
- nucleolus
- structure inside nucleus where ribosomes are made
- lipid
- macromolecule made of fatty acids and not soluble in water; function: stores enegy
- metric system
- decimal system based on multiples of ten
- carbohydrate
- macromolecule, major source of energy for human body
- cell division
- process by which a cell divides to form new daughter cells
- adhesion
- attraction between molecules of unlike substances
- gametes
- sex cells
- molecule
- smallest unit of chemical compounds formed by covalent bonding
- active transport
- type of transport that uses energy to move molecules in and out of the cell
- nucleus
- contains cell's genetic material
- protein
- macromolecule made of chains of amino acids; function: helps to carry out chemical reactions, transport small molecules in and out of the cell, and fight diseases
- organ system
- group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
- biology
- study of life
- nucleus
- center of the atom made of protons and electrons
- nucleic acid
- macromolecule made of chains of nucleotides; function:stores and transmit genetic information
- hypotonic
- when the concentration of solute is greater inside the cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- portion of cell outside the nucleus
- ionic bond
- bond that forms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
- exothermic or exergonic reaction
- reaction that releases energy into its surroundings
- centrioles
- structures important in cell division
- probability
- likelihood that an event will occur
- cell membrane
- flexible barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings
- endocytosis
- process of taking material into the cell
- endothermic or endergonic reaction
- reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings
- metaphase
- 2nd stage of mitosis where the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
- genes
- chemical factors that control traits; segment on a chromosome
- prokaryote
- cells that do NOT contain a nucleus
- cyclins
- proteins that help to regulate the cell cycle
- osmosis
- diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
- lipid bilayer
- double layer sheet of phospholipid molecules
- element
- pure substance consisting of only one type of atom
- glycogen
- polysaccharide that stores excess sugar for animals
- unicellular organism
- organism composed of only single cells
- mitochondria
- organelle that makes energy for the cell
- covalent bond
- bond that forms when electrons are shared between atoms
- exocytosis
- process of releasing materials out of the cell
- chloroplasts
- organelle found in plants that carries out photosynthesis
- phenotype
- physical characteristics of an organism
- enzymes
- proteins that act as biological catalysts
- monosaccharide
- single sugar molecules
- hydrogen bond
- bonds that forms from the attraction between polar molecules
- cell wall
- provides support and protection for plant cell
- solvent
- substance in which the solute dissolves
- polygenic traits
- when a trait is controlled by two or more genes
- mitosis
- division of the cell nucleus
- true-breeding
- process of producing off-spring identical to the parent
- cytoskeleton
- supporting structure inside cells made of microtubules and microfilaments
- chromatin
- genetic material before cell division
- base
- compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- site where lipid components of cell membrane are assembled
- ribosomes
- structures that make proteins for cell
- prophase
- first and longest stage of mitosis where the chromosomes form and the nuclear envelope dissapears
- organism
- individual living thing
- solute
- substance that is dissolved
- cell specialization
- ways that cell work to perform specialized tasks
- macromolecule
- molecule made of many smaller molecules linked together
- alleles
- alternate form of a gene
- atom
- basic unit of matter
- solution
- mixture where the substances are evenly distributed
- lysosomes
- organelles filled with digestive enzymes that breakdown cellular materials
- segregation
- separation of alleles
- organ
- group of tissues that performs a specific function
- multiple alleles
- when one gene consists of more than one allele
- heterozygous
- having different alleles for a trait
- spindle
- fan-like microtubules that help to separate the chromosomes
- polar molecule
- charged molecule that forms positive and negative ends because the electrons are not shared equally
- isotonic
- when the concentration is the same on both sides of a cell membrane
- compound
- substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
- acid
- any compound that forms hydrogen ions in solution
- homozygous
- having the same alleles for a trait
- responding variable
- variable that is observed and changes in response to the manipulated variable
- interphase
- period in-between cell division
- pH scale
- measurement system that indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
- substrate
- reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
- hybrid
- process of crossing parents with different traits
- tissue
- group of cells that perform a specific function
- manipulated variable
- variable that is deliberately changed
- cell cycle
- series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
- ion
- atom that has lost or gained electrons
- multicellular organism
- organism composed of many cells
- amino acid
- building blocks of proteins
- chemical bond
- bond that holds compounds together
- controlled experiment
- experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time
- polysaccharides
- large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
- organelle
- specialized structures found in cells
- equilibrium
- when the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system
- cytokinesis
- division of the cytoplasm
- genotype
- genetic makeup of an organism
- mixture
- material composed of two or more elements physically mixed but not chemically combined
- codominance
- when both alleles contribute to the phenotype
- electron
- negatively charged particle
- catalyst
- substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy
- eukaryote
- cells that contain a nucleus
- Golgi apparatus
- modifies, sorts, and packages molecules made by endoplasmic reticulum
- anaphase
- 3rd stage of mitosis where the chromosomes separate and move away from each other
- independent assortment
- states that alleles for different traits will separate independently of each other
- fertilization
- joining of male and female gametes to produce an embryo
- macromolecule
- large molecule formed by the joining together of smaller molecules
- facilitated diffusion
- process that uses diffusion and protein channels to move molecules into the cell
- buffers
- weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
- suspension
- mixture of water ad nondissolved materials
- chromosomes
- bodies of genetic material that form after replication and during cell division
- nuclear envelope
- membrane that surrounds the nucleus
- hypertonic
- when the concentration of solute is greater on the outside of a cell membrane
- incomplete dominance
- cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
- cell
- smallest functional unit of life
- telophase
- 4th stage of mitosis just before cytokinesis where the chromosomes change back to chromatin
- nucleotide
- basic unit of a nucleic acid
- isotope
- atoms of the same element that vary in the number of neutrons
- activation energy
- energy needed to get a chemical reaction started
- genetics
- study of heredity
- diffusion
- movement of molecules from a greater to lesser concentration
- rough endoplasmic recticulum
- site with ribosomes attached where proteins are assembled