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Biology week 2

Terms

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Prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are bacteria and archaea.
Eukaryotic cell
A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
Nanometer
A type of measurement indicating length. One of these is equal 1 x 10^-9 meters.
Plasma membrane
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cells chemical composition.
Cell wall
A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists.
Vacuole
A food carrier formed when a cell envelops food through phagocytosis.
Plasmodesmata
Open channels in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.
Vesicle
A sac made of membrane inside of cells.
Nucleus
An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons; The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell.
Cytoplasm
The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane.
Ribosome
A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; Consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.
Endomembrane system
The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
Golgi
An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Lysosome
A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Vesicle transport
A method of transitioning particles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi. This method can also ship particles from the golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum and from the golgi to elsewhere in the cell.
Endocytosis
The cellular uptake of macromolecules and particulate substances by localized regions of the plasma membrane that surround the substance and pinch off to form an intracellular vesicle.
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances, accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
Exocytosis
The cellular secretion of macromolecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.
Mitochondrion
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration. It consists of the inner membrane (the site of respiration), the outer membrane, the matrix, the inner membrane space, and the cristae.
Cristae
Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
Chloroplast
An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide to water. It consists of an inner and outer membrane, a thylakoid and thylakoid membrane, and stroma.
Thylakoid
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
Stroma
The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide to water.
Plastid
One of a family of closely related plant organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts).
Cytoskeleton
A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and trasport functions.
Microtubule
A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton.
Microfilament
A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.
Actin
A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.
Molecular motor
Molecular "walking machines"; involved with microtubules and transport in cells
Cilium
A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.
Flagellum
A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The structure and function of this appendage differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Dynein
A large contractile protein form the side-arms of microtuble doublets in cilia and flagella.
Myosin
A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.
Amoeboid movement
Interaction of actin filaments with myosin near the cell's trailing end squeezes the interior fluid forward into the psudopodium, an extension of the cell.
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.

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