ISS 315 Final
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Lewis Binford
- Proposed that culture should be divided into three spheres, founder of processual archaeology, and argued for the development of systematic approaches to understanding the archaeological record
- Julian Steward
- Proposed that technology was the core element of the adaptation in the study of cultural ecology
- Alfred Kidder
- Used seriation and the direct historic method to develop a chronology for the American southwest, also used pottery and house forms as the primary diagnostics traits in the use of DNA
- Walter Tayler
- Criticized archaeology in 1948 as focusing more on the study of material objects rather than the cultures that produced them, wrote the book \"A Study of Archaeology\", and began the development of approaches that focus on how cultures change/evolve
- Franz Boaz
- Formally brought the notions and principles of science into anthropology, Father of modern anthropology, emphasized historical empiricism/particularism
- Cultural Ecology
- Defined culture as \"a society\'s adaptation to and transformation of its environment\",
- Historical Empiricism
- Emphasizes the complete collection of data before speculating on the nature of social evolution, and focus on the development of individuals culture histories
- Contextual Archaeology
- Was interested in identifying the cognitive aspects of human behavior, and tries to identify the smallest-scale behaviors including those of individuals, families,etc.
- Applied Archaeology
- Motivated by a desire to make archaeology more relevant to people outside of the discipline, archaeology some in service of contemporary communities, and can be politically motivated
- Processual Archaeology
- Viewed culture as a system of interrelated parts
- Aerial Photography
- Can be done from directly overhead or at an oblique angle
- Ground Penetrating Radar
- Based on the measurements of electromagnetic differences in the ground
- Resistivity
- Measure the flow of electrical current from one point to another in the ground
- False Color Radar
- Identifies the heat differences on the land surface to reveal archaeological features
- Magnetometer
- Discerns minor variations in the magnetism present in the materials found in the ground
- James Ussher
- Dated the creation of the world to 4004 BC, was an archbishop of Ireland and used the bible to get this date
- John Freres
- Was one of the first people to find fossils of a completely unknown species animals with stone tools, these findings were found 12 feet underground and were completely discredited at the time
- Jacques Boucher de Perthes
- Was an antiquarian who garnered the support of two members of the Royal Society of Antiquarians in validating his finds of ancient stone tools with extinct animals
- Prestwich
- Presented the key paper to the Royal Society of Antiquarians using archaeological findings that directly challenged the validity of Biblical History
- Conyers
- His early fossil and stone tool finds were attributed to Hannibal\'s wars with Rome (elephant bones)
- Charles Lyell
- Introduced the concept of stratigraphy, which became a central concept in archaeological excavation, wrote \"Principles of Geology\" and introduced uniformitarianism
- Jens Worsaae
- Excavated mounds in Europe to demonstrate that the Three Age System was accurate, succeeded Thomsen at the Danish Museum in the 1860\'s, and used the principles from Lyell as tools
- John Wesley Powell
- Head of the Smithsonian who believed that the mounds were Native American in origin
- Cyrus Thomas
- Spent 10 years studying mounds and concluded that they were, in fact, produced by Native Americans, supported the \"lost civilization theory\", and he wrote his findings in 1894
- Christian Thomsen
- Proposed a system based that showed the chronological stages of human development, was part of the Danish National Museum of Antiquities, and he based his ideas on observations of technological sophistication of material objects