Science Bonding Vocab
Terms
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- Octet rule
- Atoms that start with 4 or more valance electrons must be surrounded by 8 in the final picture
- Covalent bonds
- Involves shairing of valance electrons, contains pair of electrons shared between two atoms. Forms when half empty orbitals overlap
- Dipoles
- Areas of partial charge which develope in the molecule when a polar covalent bond is present. happens when the shared pair is pulled closer to the stronger nucleus causing each atom to be partially charged.
- Properties of Molecular Substances
- 1. Gases, Liquids, or Soft Solids. 2. Low melting and boiling points. 3. Never conduct heat or electricity (Insulators) 4. Solubility varies - Polar soluble in water, Non polar are not
- Van Der Waal's Forces
- Attraction between non polar molecules using very weak electrostatic attractions between nuclei of one molecule and the electron cloud of another. Gets stronger with increase in molecular size
- 3 Areas of Electron Concentration 2 bonded
- Shape: Angular Angle: less than 120
- Strongest dipole to dipole attraction
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Coordinate Covalent Bonds
- Full orbital overlaps empty one. One atom donates both electrons in the shaired pair.
- Single Replacement
- A+BC = AC+B
- Electronegativity
- The attraction an atom has for other atoms electrons
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- Complete Combustion
- Fuel + O2 = CO2 + H2O
- Electronegativity difference of 1.0 is a _____ bond
- Polar covalent
- 4 Areas of Electron Concentration 1 bonded
- Shape: Linear Angle: None
- Cation is a
- positive ion
- Crystal lattice
- Structure created in ionic bonds because like charges need space between them
- Finding the number of bonds
- Total electrons needed - the valance electrons available = number of electrons shared divided by 2 = the number of bonds
- Properties of Metallic Substances
- 1. Malleable hard substances. 2. High melting/boiling points. 3. Conduct heat and electricity in all forms. 4. Silver, white or grey
- Alternative Covalent Bonds
- 1. Multiple Bonds, 2. Coordinate covalent bonds
- Hybridization
- When an atom rearranges its orbital spaces to maximize the number of bonds it can make
- Ionic Bonds are strong electrostatic attractions because
- 1. Ionic substances are hard and brittle, 2. Have high melting and boiling points, 3. Water is the solvent if soluble, 4. Only conduct electricity in a water solution
- Strength of the ionic bond is deturmined by
- Force = number of protons times the number of electrons over the radius
- A bond
- An attachment between two atoms
- Non Polar Covalent bonds
- Pure, Equal sharing of an electron pair where both nuclei are very similar in strength, Electronegativity of .4 or less
- Ionic Bond
- Non directional electrostatic attractions between ions of opposite charge. Happens when Electronegativity is 1.7 or greater
- Decomposition
- AB = A+B Only one reactant
- 2 Areas of Electron Concentration all bonded
- Shape: Linear No angle
- Incomplete Combustion
- Fuel + O2 = CO + H2O
- Dipole - dipole attractions
- Bonds between polar molecules where one end of a positive molecule is attracted to the negitive end of another. Weak electrostatic attration.
- Double Replacement
- AB+CD = AC+BD
- Polar Covalent Bonds
- Unequal sharing of an electron pair. One nucleus is a lot stronger than the other, Electronegativity difference between .4 and 1.7
- 4 Areas of Electron Concentration 3 bonded
- Shape: Pyramidal Angle: less than 109.5
- 4 Areas of Electron Concentration 2 bonded
- Shape: Angular Angle: Less than 109.5
- Synthesis
- A+B = AB Only one product
- Bond Strength
- Energy needed to break bonds is called
- Metallic Bonds
- Hold metals together. Positive ions in a sea of free flowing electrons. Forms crystal lattices
- Intermolecular Bonds
- 1. Dipole - dipole attraction 2. London dispersion forces 3. Metallic Bonds
- 4 Areas of Electron Concentration All bonded
- Shape: Tetrahedhal Angle: 109.5
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- Anion is a
- Negative ion
- 3 Areas of Electron Concentration all bonded
- Shape: Trigonal Planar Angle: 120
- Electronegativity difference of 1.9 is a ______ bond
- Ionic
- Multiple bonds
- In covalent bonds when 2 atoms share more than one pair of electrons
- Electronegativity difference of .3 is a ______ bond
- Non polar covalent