Bio 112 TEST 4
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- Which line of defense hosts the Phagocytic WBC's, antimicrobial proteins, and has the inflammatory response
- 2nd line of def. (internal)
- Which line of def. host the skin, mucous membranes, and secretions of the skin and mucous membranes?
- 1st line of def. (external)
- The ________ is composed of proteins, carbs, and lipids which are food sources for other organisms (eg. bacteria, nematodes, protists, and flukes)
- body
- Organisms have ____________________ to prevent entry and destroy foreign agents that gain entrance into their bodies
- defense mechanisms
- The vertebrate's defense mechanism is closely associated with _________________ and _____________.
- the lymphatic system blood
- ______________ fights foreign agents (which produce antibodies)
- WBC
- The lymphatic system helps filter out and kill foreign agents. Name the 6 things that make up the lymphatic system.
- vessels nodes nodules tonsils thymus spleen
- What are the 2 main groups of the body's defenses
- Nonspecific defense mechanism (=innate immunity) specific def. mech. (=acquired immunity)
- Another name for nonspecific defense mechanism is
- innate immunity
- Another name for the specific defense mechanism is
- acquired immunity
- The immunity that you are born with is called
- innate immunity (nonspecific)
- The immunity you have to obtain after you are exposed to foreign invaders is called
- acquired (specific)
- The defense mechanisms are divided into 3 lines of defense. Which defense mechanism is made of the 1st and 2nd line
- nonspecific def. mech
- The defense mechanisms are divided into 3 lines of defense. Which defense mechanism is made up of the 3rd line of defense
- specific def. mech.
- Which 2 lines of defense work together?
- 2nd and 3rd
- Which line of defense is known as the "external defense"
- 1st line of defense
- Which line of defense is known as "internal"
- 2nd line of def.
- The specific defense is also known as acquired immunity. They are both considered the __________.
- immune system
- Explains what the inflammatory response does
- allows for more antibodies to come in
- Which line of defense host Lymphocytes and antibodies
- 3rd line of def.
- ______________ is other WBC that make antibodies
- lymphocytes
- In the NONSPECIFIC line of defense's 1st line, ______ is not penetrable if intact
- skin
- Skin has 2 layers. what are they
- epidermis and dermis
- What type of membranes line the digestive, respiratory, and urogential tracts
- mucous membranes
- In the 1st line of defense, what traps microbes?
- mucous membranes
- ___________ is another name for foreign agents
- microbes
- What chemical in the stomach kills microbes (=foreign agents)
- HCl
- What chemical kills microbes dealing with eye secretions
- Lysozymes (e.g. protein enzymes) Skin secretion lowers pH
- What can remove microbes that have been trapped in the 1st line of def.
- ciliated epithelium in respiratory system
- What comes into play when the 1st line of defense is penetrated?
- 2nd line of defense
- What is the 3 major components of the 2nd line of defense?
- Phagocytic WBC Inflammatory Response antimicrobial proteins (NOT antibodies)
- Pus from a wound is a collection of what
- dead WBCs
- WBC's kill microbes by _______
- phagocytosis (=cell eating)
- If something creeps around like an amoeba, it is called a
- amoeboid
- Phagocytic WBC's move into ________________
- tissue spaces
- Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages are examples of ______________
- Phagocytic WBC
- What is known at the "guard dogs" of the body
- Phagocytic WBC's
- If the inflammatory response is damaged or has an entry of microbes, what releases from the mast cells and basophils?
- histamine
- If the inflammatory response is damaged or has an entry of microbes, histamine is released from what 2 places
- mast cells and basophils
- IN the inflammatory response, histamine causes _________. (which increases permeability of __________) redness, heat, pain
- vasodilation capillaries
- This: -increases blood flow -chemical signals (PROSTOGLANDINS of damaged cells) -attracts WBC's to the site
- inflammatory response
- During __________ is when the antimicrobial proteins enter the tissue space
- inflammatory response
- -Allows for clotting (i.e Fibrinogen to fibrin) -prevents spread of microbes -prevents blood loss (HEALS WOUND)
- Inflammatory Response
- WBC's phagocytize _____. Helps repair damaged tissue
- foreign agents
- 2 classes in the antimicrobial pattern. Name them
- complement and interferon
- _________ leads to microbe lysis bc it embeds in foreign agents
- complement
- -promotes phagocytosis -has a group of 20 different plasma proteins
- complement
- -essential to NONSPECIFIC and SPECIFIC defenses PROTECTS US!!!
- complement
- Interferon's proteins are produced by ______________________.
- virus infected cells
- The proteins of the interferon induce ________ to produce other proteins that inhibit viral replication
- neighboring cells
- Neighboring cells prevents _________
- viral replication
- What protects against viral attacks bc it slows the replication of the virus
- interferon
- T or F:Interferon can attract phagocytes "pit bulls'
- True
- We have millions of _________ to fight off foreign agents
- lymphocytes
- T or F: The immune system is something one is born with
- False...it is acquired
- _______ recognized foreign agents, toxins, or transplanted tissues
- immune system
- The immune system develops a __________ response to inactivate or destroy the invader
- specific
- Any foreign agent that stimulates the immune response and is composed of proteins and polysacchrides is called
- antigen
- Each antigen activates ____________ lymphocytes that produces antibodies
- specific
- Each antigen activates SPECIFIC lymphocytes that produce specific proteins. The proteins are called
- antibodies
- Each lymphocyte (lock and key) has a unique kind of _____________ (100,000 on surface)
- receptor
- _________ chemistry is similar to receptor molecule
- antibody
- How many groups of antibodies are there
- 5
- The 5 different groups of antibodies have what basic shape?
- Y shaped
- Which antibody deals with allergies
- IgE
- Name the 5 different antibodies
- IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD
- Name the 3 key features of the immune system
- 1. specificity and diversity 2. memory 3. self- nonself recognition
- During the memory portion of the immune system is where the immune system can "remember" past exposure to antigens. The individual gains ______________.
- acquired immunity
- During the first step in the memory cell production, the ______________ is exposed to the antigen
- lymphocytes
- During the 2nd step of the memory cell production what does the lymphocytes do after they are exposed to the antigen?
- clones itself (=proliferates)
- What is any foreign substances (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protzoa, parasitic worms, pollen) that elicts an immune response?
- antigen (=any agent that we react to)
- Antigen is composed of ________ or _________
- protein or polysacchrides
- A body has millions of ______ types
- lymphyocytes
- Each lymphocyte type has unique kind of ________ (100,000 on surface)
- receptor
- Antibody chemistry similar to a ________ molecule
- receptor
- A ___________ can kill anything. A __________ kills a specific invader
- Non-specific defense Specific Defense
- There are 5 major groups of anitbodies : IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD. What are their basic shapes?
- Y shaped
- An individual can obtain __________ after being exposed to a virus (i.e. chicken pox)
- acquired immunity
- Part of the immune system that can recall past exposure to antigens....This is how acquired immunity is formed
- memory
- Explain the 3 steps in memory cell production
- 1. Lymphocyte is exposed to antigen 2. lymphocyte proliferates(= clones itself) 3. one set (effector cells_ defends against immediate threat; other memory cells, available for the next invasion
- ____________ allows for quicker and more intense response to infection
- acquire immunity
- A normal functioning immune system can distinguished its own molecules from foreign molecules (antigens)
- self-nonself recognition
- MHC =?
- major histocompatibility complex molecules
- Cells of "self" have a unique molecular _________
- fingerprint
- When somethin enter body that does not have unique print... what kicks in?
- Immune system
- When the immune system kicks in it is called a ______
- response
- B lymphocytes matures into --------------
- bone marrow
- Which response involves B cells
- Humoral Response
- B cells turn into _______
- plasma cells
- B cells turn into plasma cells that produces ________
- antibodies
- _____________ helps neutralize and eliminate antigens
- humoral response(body fluids)
- How does the humoral response neutralize and eliminate antigens
- through neutralization, opsonization, and activation of complement
- Does neutralization, opsonization, and activation of complement occur inside or outside the cell
- OUTSIDE
- Antibodies that bind to antigens on surface of the virus, then neutralize it so it wont be able to attach to the host cell
- neutralization
- Binding of antibodies to antigens on the surface of the bacteria which promotes phagocytosis
- opsonization
- Binding of antibodies to antigens on surface of foreign cells activates the complement system
- activation of complement
- Complement molecules form pores that leads to _______
- lysis
- What involves T lymphocytes
- cell-mediated response
- The T cell is also developed in the bone marrow, but it goes through ________ to be activated
- thymus gland
- These cells are very important in acting against bacteria, viruses INSIDE host cells
- cell mediated reponse's T cells
- _________ acts against protozoans, fungi, worms, cancer cells, and transplanted cells
- cell-mediated response
- _______binds to and ruptures (=lyse) infected cells
- T cells
- T or F:both kinds of response (cell medicated and humoral) gives us immunity
- true
- Which response defends against extracellular pathogens by binding to antigens and making the pathogens easier targets for phagocytes and complement
- humoral response
- which response defends against intracellular pathogens and cancer by binding to and lysing the infected cells or cancer cells
- cell mediated response
- Both (humoral and cell-mediated) responses are enhanced by _______ and _________
- macrophages and Helper T Cells
- Macrophages phagocytic present antigens to _______________
- helper t cells
- Tc =?
- cytotoxin
- Helper T cells secrete cytokines that activate ______ and ______
- Tc Cells and B cells
- If one has aids , they lose_______ and lose immunity
- macrophages
- How is immunity acquired?
- actively or passively
- Which immune system is derived from an individuals OWN immune system
- active immunity
- Active immunity is acquired _________
- naturally (through exposure to a disease agents) or artificially (thru vaccinations)
- Name 5 common vaccinations we get
- measles, mumps, polio, small pox, and tuberculosis
- Passive immunity is acquired by _________ being transferred from one organism to another
- antibodies
- Which immunity: mother to fetus across placenta(natural) (i.e. from mother blood to baby's blood) mother to baby in breast milk serum of antibodies from another animal (shot against rabies) <-- artificial
- passive immunity
- When the immune system turns against itself
- autoimmune system
- When the system begins to destroy its own cells and tissues
- autoimmune system (which isnt well understood)
- Which autoimmune disease is when inflammation damages cartilage and bone of joints
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Which autoimmune disease is when the autoimmune rxn destroys pancreatic cells (beta cells) that produce insulin
- Insulin-dependent diabetes
- Which autoimmune disease is when the immune system destroys the myelin sheath that insulates nerves cells
- MS = Multiple Sclerosis
- In Multiple Sclerosis, _____ is needed to transmit impulses at the proper speed
- myelin
- ____________ leads to neurological abnormalities
- MS = multiple sclerosis
- Which immune disorder is when certain environmental antigens(allergens) lead to the release of histamines
- allergies
- allergies is a ____________ to antigens
- over rxn
- Allergies leads to ___________
- vasodilation sneezing, running nose, etc, asthma
- bronchial constriction =?
- asthma
- When you have allergies , you take
- antihistamines
- Which disorder of the immune system is when the individual is deficient in either humoral or cell-mediated immune defenses
- immunodeficiency
- An example of a congenital immunodeficiency
- SCID= Severe Combined immunodeficiency
- - Individual can be more susceptible to infection - can be developed later(aquired) in life (Hodgkins Disease or cancer that suppressed IM sys)
- immunodef. disorders
- Health and state of mind can affect ___________
- immunity
- HIV has preference for ________ cells (has receptors)
- helper T
- If a person has _________________, their body has neither humoral nor cell-mediated immunity
- aids
- HIV/AIDS have caused about how many deaths
- 3 million
- What percentage of deaths in africa are from aids
- 1/3 (33 and 1/3 %)
- Too much internal change =?
- death of cells and organism
- ____________maintains internal and relative constancy around cells
- homeostatic mechanism
- Thermoregulation is made up of ______________ and ____________
- ectotherms and endotherms
- ____________ = cold blooded animals
- ectotherms
- ____________ 's heat is absorbed from surroundings
- ectotherms
- __________ cannot maintain body temp. internally (invert, fish, reptiles, amphibians )
- ectotherms
- T or F: Ectotherms get no body heat from metabolism
- False: they get some
- __________ derive most body heat from their own metabolism
- endotherms
- __________maintain consistent internal temperature even as the environment's temperature fluctuates
- endotherms
- T or F: Ectotherms are usually warmer than surroundings.
- False :endotherms
- Endotherms require food to maintain _______ to sustain temp and stay alive
- active metabolism
- Name the 4 ways an organism can lose/gain heat from the environment
- 1 conduction 2 convection 3 evaporation 4 radiation
- a direct transfer of heat between surfaces in contact
- conduction
- a transfer of heat to air or liquid that is moving past the body surface
- convection
- loss of heat from surface of liquid as liquid transforms to gas
- evaporation
- transfer of heat between 2 bodies not in contact
- radiation
- Heat conduction moves how
- from high temp. to low temp
- Thermoregulation depends on _____________ and __________
- heat production and heat loss/gain
- Endotherms can alter rate of ________________
- heat production
- _________ can change metabolic rate
- hormones
- ________ can affect fat breakdown
- hormones
- Hormones can change metabolic rate; affects fat breakdown =?????
- nonshivering thermogenesis
- Nervous system can make you shiver; generates additional heat =????
- shivering thermogenesis
- Endotherms may change rate of ____________
- heat loss/gain
- ___________ can adjust coat thickness (hair, feathers) using muscles to raise/lower hairs, changes insulating ability of fur
- endotherms
- Endotherms can increase/decrease _______ of skin
- temperature
- Endotherms can increase/decrease temp. of skin, subsequent eat loss is by _______ and _______
- convection and radiation
- Heat loss by evaporation is through ________ and _______
- panting and sweating
- Behavior can affect _____________
- body temperature
- If it gets too hot or cold, an organism might do what
- relocate to a more suitable environment (warm/cool rocks) or migrate to another climate(birds)
- Bathing uses _________ and _______ cooling to remove heat
- convection evaporation
- What animal burrows underground to lower temp
- gopher turtles
- a temporary reduction in metabolic rate which bypasses times of cooler temp (bats, humming birds)
- torpor
- long-term torpor (during cold winters)
- hibernation
- A summer hibernation is called ________________ snakes when dry/hot
- aestivation
- Where is the body's thermostat said to be
- hypothalamus (in the brain)
- The cells located in the 2 thermoregulatory areas : ____________ and ____________
- cooling center and heating center
- the cooling center controls __________, __________, and_________
- vasodilation sweating panting
- Heating center controls ________ of superficial blood vessels, ________ of fur, and shivering _________
- vasoconstriction erection thermogenesis
- _________ senses temperature in the skin
- nerves cells of the hypothalamus
- Universal solvent which is needed for chemical rxns in body
- water
- other than water , __________ is also need for chemical rxns (which helps maintain H2O balance between ______ and ________)
- solutes cells and tissue spaces
- If a cell gets too much water , it ____
- swells and bursts
- If a cell doesnt get enough water
- shrivels and dies
- diffusion of water across selective permeable membrane
- osmosis
- ____ occurs when 2 solutions separated by a membrane differ in solute concentration
- osmosis
- Terrestrial animals problem with water
- getting enough
- Aquatic animals problem with water
- getting rid of it
- Terrestrial animals gets water through (3 things)
- food, drinking, and oxidative metabolism
- Terrestrial animals' water exits by ______ and _______
- evaporation (lungs and skin) excretion (urine)
- T or F :Aquatic animals are effected by evaporation
- false NOT effected
- Aquatic animals problem is _________
- osmosis
- Cells of "self" have a unique molecular "finger print" THe finger print is called
- MHC= Major histocompatibility complex molecules
- What are the 2 kind of responses of the immune system
- humoral response and Cell- mediated
- Animals are often grouped on whether they ________ difference between solute concentration of body fluids and surrounding environment
- maintain
- _____________ are aquatic animals that maintain solute concentrations that are essentially the SAME (isoosmotic) as the surrounding waters
- osmoconformers (JELLYFISH, flatworms. MOLLUSKS, and marine atrhropods)
- ___________ maintain solute concentration of body fluids that DIFFER with surroundings (require energy expenditure)
- osmoregulators
- _________ body fluid solute concentrations fluctuates very little even though environmental solute concentrations may change
- osmoregulators (ALL FRESHWATER, LAND ANIMALS, and MARINE VERT)
- When body fluids are less than the norm than surounding seawaters
- hypotonice = hypoosmotic
- In hypotonice, less solute and greater percentage of free water in body fluids than surrounding water = ?
- lose water to environment
- Marine fish pump what out through their gills
- salts
- Fresh water fish pump salt in or out of gills?
- into
- How does marine fish compensate for osmotic water loss?
- drinking seawater
- In the marine fish, the excess salt is pumped out by __________
- gill epithelium = transport epithelium
- T or F: Freshwater fish excrete small amounts of concentrated urine
- Freshwater produce LOTS MARINE produce small
- When the marine fish excrete a scanty amount of urine bc lots of _______ are in little water
- salt ions which means it conserves water
- If fish if there is more solute and less free water, the fish is (which means more solute inside the fish than in the water)
- hypertonic
- _______ are well developed in freshwater fish to get rid of excess water
- kidneys
- Loss of salts in urine are replenished by
- eating, active uptaked of NA and Cl ions fomr surround water
- The active uptake of Na and Cl ions fom surround water is by the ______________
- gill epithelium = transport epithelium
- Humans die if _______% of water in body is lost
- 12%
- FOr an arthropod to maintain water they have a
- waxy cuticle
- For a snail to maintain water, they have a
- shell
- For a reptile, bird, mammal to maintain water, they have a
- multi-layered skin with dead, keratinized cells (epidermis)
- Animals that live in the desert (kangaroo rat) are nocturnal to reduce dehydration. This change is known as a _____________
- behavioral adaptation
- A Kangaroo rat produces large amounts of ___________ (from the krebs cycle) of their diet
- metabolic water
- Which excretory organs conserves water while eliminating nitrogenous wastes?
- kidney
- A kangaroo rat gets 90% of its water gain metabolically. A human has _______ %
- 10%
- A human's water loss is 36% evaporation. What percentage does the kangaroo rat have
- 73%
- A Kangaroo rat's percentage in water loss from urinating is 22%. What is a humans
- 60%
- How many kidney is found in ALL vertebrates
- 2
- What is the major excretory organ of all vert.
- kidneys
- Name the 3 regions of the kidney
- Cortex, Medulla, pelvis
- Name the pathway for the kidneys
- kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- The blood that is filtered by the _______
- kidneys
- the kidney is drained by tubes called
- ureters
- After the filtrate leaves the ureters, the excretions are stored into the
- urinary bladder
- maintains water balance, removes wastes (salts nitrogenous) , and maintains pH balance
- kidney
- The filtrate turns into urine when coming out of the urinary bladder and exiting through the
- urethra
- What is the basic unit of the kidney
- nephrons
- The kidney is composed of microscopic tubules called_______
- nephrons
- What are the 2 kinds of nephrons of the kidney
- cortical and juxtamedullary
- What is the nephrons lined with
- transport epithelium
- what moves the solute in and out of the tubule (=nephron) of the kidney
- transport epithelium
- The nephrons primary job is to
- filter out the blood
- -is in close association with the circulatory system (eg. glomerulus, peritubular, capillaries, vasa, recta)
- nephron
- Empty into collecting duct (drains into pelvis) MAKES URINE
- nephrons
- What is the route of the nephrons
- Bowman's capsule, Proximal tubule, Loop of Henle Peritubular Capillaries, empties into collecting ducts, pelvis
- What are the 3 processes that make urine
- filtration, reabsorption, secretion
- T or F:If blood pressure is too low, you will have problems urinating.
- true
- If BP is too high you will find _______ in your urine
- blood
- Small molecule forced through the capillary wall, enters nephron, make up the ___________
- filtrate
- __________ and __________ (specialized cells of the capsule) filter out blood cells, large molecules (e.g. albumin, antibodies)
- Porous capillaries podocytes (They produce the filtering membrane)
- Which process of the kidney function is where the blood pressure forces fluid from the glomerulus (blood) across the Bowman's capsule epithelium into nephron
- Filtration
- Filtration is when the _______________ forces fluid from the glomerulus (blood) across the Bowman's capsule epithelium into nephron
- blood pressure
- Nephrons make ______ liters of filtrate daily
- 180 L
- Filtrate contains a mixture of water, glucose, salts, vitamins, and what else
- nitrogenous waste
- Which kidney function is a selective transport of filtrate molecules from the nephron into the interstitial fluid (=interstitium)
- Reabsorption
- During reabsorption, molecules from the filtrate move _________ into blood of the ________ (eg Vasa recta, peritubular, capillaries)
- back ( reabsorbed) capillaries
- T or F: Reabsorption involves just passive transports.
- False. Active and passive
- Reabsorption occurs in 4 parts....
- proximal, distal tubules loop of henle collecting duct
- _________ is specialized for reabsorptiong (i.e. microvilli and mitochondria) and most of the reabsorptiong occurs here
- proximal tube
- In all vert, nearly all sugar, vitamins, organic nutrients are reabsorbed. IN mammals and birds, ______ is also reabsorbed inthe Loop of Henle
- water
- Means getting rid of Hydrogen ions to maintain pH levels
- secretion
- __________ adds plasma solutes to filtrate
- secretion
- Secretion involves what type of transports
- active and passive
- ___________ is the opposite of reabsorption
- secretion
- What are the 2 sites of secretions
- proximal tubule distal tubule
- What are the 2 important mechanisms of the kidney function
- Antidiuretic hormone and RAAS
- Which mechanism of the kidney helps conserve water inthe body
- antidiuretics hormones (ADH)
- Antidiuretic hormone is produced in the
- hypothalamus
- Antidiuretic hormone is formed from the
- pituitary gland
- Antidiuretic hormone is released when _________ in the hypothalamus detect an increase blood osmolarity (increase in solutes) due to water loss
- osmoreceptor cells
- Antidiuretic hormone increases permeability of ___, and ________ cells to water
- distal tubule connecting duct
- ________ increased water reaborption to bloods decreased osmolarity; inhibits further secretion of it
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Drinking alcohol can inhibit ___________ released, causes dehydration
- Antidiuretic hormone ADH
- _________is a homeostatic mechanism for maintaining water balance
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System involves the __________ apparatus
- juxtaglomerular (JGA)
- RAAS = ?
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
- A specialized tissue of afferent arteriole and distal tubule near the glomerulus and produces renin
- juxtaglomerular apparatus= JGA
- ______ responds to decrease in blood pressure and/or decreases in NA+ concentration by releasing enzyme _______ into blood
- JGA renin
- Renin converts inactive _______ (=plasma protein) into active _______ (hormone)
- angiotensinogen angiotensin II
- Angiotension II affects blood pressure and urine volume in what 2 way.
- increases arteriole constriction causes adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone
- Angiotension II increases _______ constriction
- arteriole
- When Angiotension II increases arteriole constriction, it increases ____________
- blood pressure
- When the blood pressure increases because os the arteriole constriction bc of Angiotension II, ______ rate is increased
- filtration WHICH INSURES THAT POLLUTANTS ARE EXCRETED
- Angiotension II causes adrenal gland to secrete ______________
- aldosterone (hormone)
- __________ stimulates Na+ reabsorption across the distal tubule (water flows by osmosis) which INCREASES blood pressure Maintains filtration rate
- aldosterone
- JGA helps _________________ loss
- conserve water
- name a serious pollutant
- nitrogenous wastes
- Metabolism of protein, _____________ produces ammonia (small) but very toxic
- nucleic acids
- Some animals(aquatic) excrete _________. Others convert it to _______ or _______
- ammonia urea uric acid
- Out of uric acid, ammonia, and urea which takes the most energy to make and which is the most toxic
- most energy to make --> uric acid , THEN urea, ammonia Most toxic--> ammonia , then urea, then uric acid