COMM 114 Test

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Perception: The process of becoming aware of objects and events from the senses.
Active perception: Your mind selects, organizes, and interprets that which you sense.
Subjective perception: -Your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli.
-Your attached meaning to what your mind selects.
Selection: \"Tune out\" certain stimuli.
Selective exposure: You expose yourself to info that reinforces, rather than contradicts, your beliefs or opinions.
Selective attention: Even when you do expose yourself to info and ideas, you focus on certain cues and ignore others.
Selective perception: Tendency to see, hear, and believe only what you want to see, hear, and believe.
Selective retention: Tendency to remember better the things that reinforce your beliefs rather than those that oppose them.
Organization: The grouping of stimuli into meaningful units or wholes.
Figure: -Focal point of your attention.
-Your comprehension.
Ground: Background against which your focused attention occurs.
Closure: Tendency to fill in missing info in order to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement.
Proximity: Objects physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or group.
Similarity: Elements are grouped together because they resemble each other in size, color, shape, or other attributes.
Interpretation: -Assignment of meaning to stimuli.
-Where the differences appear and can play out.
Interpretive perception: A blend of internal states and external stimuli.
Perceptual constancy: -Idea that your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult for you to change.
-Role an individual plays in a group.
Culture: System of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use.
Marshall Singer (1982): Perceptions are largely learned; what people see, hear, is conditioned by their culture.
Co-culture: Group whose beliefs or behaviors distinguish it from the larger culture of which it is part.
Identity management (Goffman): The control (or lack of control) of the communication of information through a performance.
Language: A collection of symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meaning that are governed by rules and used to communicate.
Semantics rules: -The study of the way humans use language to evoke meaning in others.
-Focuses on individual words and their meaning.
-Interested in how language and its meaning change over time.
Syntax rules: -The way in which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences.
-Changes the meaning of the same set of words.
Pragmatics rules: The study of language as it is used in a social context, including its effect on the communicators.
Phatic communication: -Communication that is used to est. a mood of sociability rather than to communicate info or ideas.
-Helps us interpret meaning in specific contexts.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: Our perception of reality is determined by our thought processes and our thought processes are limited by our language and, therefore, that LANGUAGE SHAPES OUR REALITY.
Colloquialisms: Words and phrases used informally.
Cliche: An expression that has lost originality and force through overuse.
Euphemism: -A more polite, pleasant expression used in place of a socially unacceptable form.
-Enters the language to \"camouflage the naked truth\".
-Considered more polite.
Doublespeak: Any language that is purposefully constructed to disguise its actual meaning.
Slang: -A specialized language of a group of people who share a common interest or belong to a similar co-culture.
-Helps a co-culture est. its membership and its boundaries.
-Purpose is to keep insiders in and outsiders out.
Profanity: Language that is disrespectful of things sacred.
Jargon: The technical language developed by a professional group, such as physicians, educators, electricians, economists, or computer operators.
Regionalism: Words and phrases specific to a particular region or part of the country.
Dating: Specifying when you made an observation, which is necessary because everything changes over time.
Frozen evaluation: An assessment of a concept that does not change over time.
Indexing: -Identifying the uniqueness of objects, events, and people.
-Recognizing the differences among the various members of a group.
Observation: What is sensed.
Inferences: Conclusions drawn from observations.
Cultural competence: Responding respectfully and effectively to all people.
Nonverbal communication: The process of using wordless messages to generate meaning.
Repeating: -Occurs when the same message is sent verbally and non-verbally.
-Nonverbal cue reiterates verbal cue.
Emphasizing: The use of nonverbal cues to strengthen your message.
Complementing: -Different from repetition in that it goes beyond duplication of the message in two channels.
-Nonverbal and verbal add meaning to one another.
-Expand meaning of the message.
Substituting: Occurs when nonverbal codes are used instead of verbal codes.
Regulating: Occurs when nonverbal codes are used to monitor and control interactions with others.
Misunderstandings: -Codes can communicate many meanings.
-Different codes may mean the same thing.
Nonverbal codes: Codes of communication consisting of symbols that are not words, including non-word vocalizations.
Kinsesics: -Study of bodily movements and facial expressions.
-Need to observe, analyze, and interpret.
Emblems: Nonverbal movements that substitute for words and phrases.
Illustrators: Nonverbal movements that accompany or reinforce verbal messages.
Affect displays: Nonverbal movements of the face and body to show emotion.
Regulators: Control flow or pace of communication.
Adaptors: Nonverbal movements that serve a physical or psychological purpose.
\"Matching hypothesis\": Women and men seek others who are of similar attractiveness.
Proxemics: Study of space and distance.
Territoriality: Need to est. and maintain certain spaces as your own.
Edward T. Hall: -First to define the four distances people use regularly.
-Intimate, personal, social, and public.
Monochronic: -Time is a commodity.
-Time can be lost, gained, spent, and wasted.
-Time is linear, adherence to schedules.
Polychronic: -Time is more holistic.
-Schedules are less important, events may not start on time.
Haptics: Use of touch.
Chronemics: Time.
Objectics: Clothing and artifacts.
Paralinguistics: Vocal cues.
Listening Process: -Active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages.
-Mental act where you need to retain information and respond accordingly.
1. Receive sound waves.
2. Process them.
Automatic attention: -Instinctive focus.
-Automatic such as when a gun goes off or there is a loud noise or I call your name.
Working memory: -Part of consciousness that helps us assign meaning and interpret stimuli.
-Looks for connections between new information and long-term memory.
Short-term memory: Temporary storage for information.
Long-term memory: Permanent storage for information.
Hearing: The act of receiving sound.
Listening: The active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages.
Schema: Organizational \"filing systems\" for thoughts held in long-term memory. How we access information.
Active listening: -Involved listening with a purpose.
-Using all available senses.
-Paraphrasing what is heard both mentally and verbally.
-Checking your understanding to ensure accuracy.
-Providing feedback.
Feedback: -Responses to the speaker\'s message.
-Can be positive or negative.
Empathetic listening: -Form of active listening, you attempt to understand where the other person is coming from.
-Being \"fully engaged in the moment\", and have the ability to perceive another person\'s worldview as if it were your own.
Critical listening: You challenge the speaker\'s message by evaluating its accuracy, meaningfulness, and utility.
Listening for enjoyment: Involves seeking out situations involving relaxing, fun, or emotionally stimulating information.
Physical distractions: All the stimuli in the environment that keep you from focusing on the message.
Mental distractions: The wandering of the mind when it is supposed to be focusing on something.
Factual distractions: Focusing so intently on the details that you miss the main point.
Semantic distractions: Over-responding to an emotional-laden word or concept.
Status: Devoting attention based on the social standing, rank, or perceived value of another.
Stereotypes: Treating individuals as if they are the same as others in a given category.
Sights and sounds: Letting appearances or voice qualities affect your listening.
Egocentrism: Excessive self-focus, or seeing yourself as the central concern in every conversation.
Defensiveness: Acting threatened and feeling like you must defend what you have said or done.
Experiential superiority: Looking down on others as if their experiences with life is not as good as yours.
Personal bias: Letting your own predispositions, or strongly held beliefs, interfere with your ability to interpret information correctly.
Pseudolistening: Pretending to listen but letting your mind or attention wander to something else.
Critical thinking: Involves analyzing the speaker, the situation, and the speaker\'s ideas to make critical judgments about the message being presented.
Genderlect theory: Masculine and feminine communication styles are examples of two different cultural dialects.
Conflict: -Constructive and creative.
-Can also be dysfunctional.
Interpersonal Relationships: -Two or more people.
-Interdependent.
-Interacted for some time.
-Consistent patterns.
Interdependent: Mutually dependent of one another.
Complementary: -Each person supplies something the other person lacks.
-\"You complete me\".
Symmetrical: Have highly similar characteristics.
Uncertainty Reduction Theory: Communicate in order to learn more about people and reduce our uncertainty.
Social Exchange Theory: -Weigh the rewards and costs to determine choices about the relationships.
-Pros/cons to figure out how to proceed.
Social Penetration Theory: -Process of increasing disclosure and intimacy in a relationship.
-As we get to know someone we learn more about them.
-Ex. Onion--has layers.
Self-Disclosure: Process of making intentional revelations about yourself that others would be unlikely to know.
Open Area: Known to self and known to others.
Blind Area: Not known to self but known to others.
Hidden Area: Known to self but not known to others.
Unknown Area: Not known to self and not known to others.
Role-Limited Interaction: -We meet people based on roles.
-Encounter people in chat rooms, sports, school.
-Limit our disclosures.
Friendly Relations: We check each other out to see if we want to further the relationship.
Moving Toward Friendship: -Meet each other outside of school.
-Self-disclosure more.
-Many friendships stay at this stage.
Nascent Friendship: -We call each other friends and think of each other as friends.
-Share feelings and value, concerns, and interests.
-Work out private rules for interactions.
Stabilized Friendship: -There is continuity.
-Don\'t need to make plans to ensure you will see one another.
-Have a mutually high level of trust.
Waning Friendship: -Sometimes happens because one person moves.
-Fade slowly rather than abruptly.
-Friends may run natural course and become boring.
-Violations of trust may also affect relationships.
-Communication may become more controlling and strategic.
-Both friends must be willing to rebuild trust and intimacy.
Social value: How we look to others.
Responsiveness: We select individuals who like us.
Knapp and Vangelisti (2000): Helps organize and explain relational changes.
Experimenting: Interests/hobbies.
Intensifying: -Share personal information.
-Awareness the relationship is developing.
Integrating: -Begin doing things that are similar.
-Merge social circle.
-May have common property.
Bonding: Deepest level of commitment.
Active verbal responses: -Come-back/defending.
-Mimicking.
Acquiescent respnses: Apologize/let me consider this...
Invulnerable responses: Whatever/so/sticks and stones/I don\'t care/crying/laughing/silence treatment.

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Number of cards 121

Created By rpwendt