Anatomy Semester 1
Terms
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- What is anatomy
- study of body parts
- What is physiology
- How body parts work
- What is the order of complexity from chemical to organism (6 levels)
-
1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. System
6. Organism - What system of the body can you physically live without?
- The Reproductive System
- What is positive feedback?
- When the output of a system causes further increases in output (contractions)
- What is negative feedback?
- Used to maintain normal ranges;reversal process, reverses of increase or decrease in levels.
- What is anatomical position
- Standing upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor, head straight, with oalms facing forward with thumbs pointing away.
- Anterior
- In froont of;towards the surface
- posterior
- towards the back of teh surface
- dorsal
- at the back side of the human body
- proximal
- closest to the point of attachment to the trunk
- distal
- furthest from the point of attachment to the trunk
- ventral
- at the belly side of a human
- thorasic region
- chest
- gluteal region
- buttock
- umbilical region
- center of the abdomen
- hypochondriac region
-
upper right area of chest
-near ribs - medial (midsagittal) plane
- separates body into top and bottom half
- transverse plane
-
separates body into top and bottom halfs
- what is another name for the tissue that covers the body
- epithelial tissue
- what is the purpose of epithelial tissue?
-
-absorb
-filter
-protect - what is simple epithelium
- one cell layer
- what is stratified epithelium?
- more than one cell layer
- what is squamous epithelium?
- flat, similar to fish scales
- what is cubodial epithelium like?
- cube shaped like dice
- what is columnar epithelium like?
- shaped like columns
- where would one find stratified squamous epithelium?
-
esophagus, mouth, and outer portion of the skin
*wear and tear parts - what is another name for osseous tissue?
- bone
- what is another name for subcutaneous tissue of the dermis?
- hypodermis (beneath the skin)
- what are the characteristics of cartilage?
- flexible, covers ends of bones where they form joints
- what are tendons?
- attach skeletal muscels to bone
- what are ligaments?
- connect bone to bone at joints
- what type of cells make up nervous tissue?
- neurons
- what kind of impulses do neurons make?
- electrochemical impulses
- which muscle type contracts the slowest?
- smooth
- what is the order of layers of epidermal tissue? (5 layers)
- 1.stratum basale
- what is teh order of layers of epidermal tissue? (5)
-
1.Stratum basale
2.stratum spinosum
3.stratum granulsum
4.stratum lucidium
5.stratum corneum - what cornifies epidermal tissue?
- karatin
- what do melanocytes produce?
- melanin
- what color is teh skin of someone with a lot of melanin?
- tan/dark
- avascular
- no blood supply of its own
- what do capillary loops do?
- supply nutrients to basale layer
- what makes something an exocrine gland?
- they retain their own ducts
- how do nutrients get to the surface of the skin
- diffusion through tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
- what are the two types of sweat glands?
- eccrine glands andn apocrine glands
- what is the free edge of the nail?
- the end
- what is the matrix of the nail?
- responsible for nail growth (white part)
- what is teh body of the nail?
- beneath the nail, part attached to the skin (main part)
- what 2 minerals make up most of your bones?
- calcium and phosphorus
- what does yellow bone marrow do for you?
- store fat
- where is red bone marrow found?
- spongy bone
- if you see an epiphyseal plate on a bone, what does that mean?
- the body is still growing
- what makes up compact bone?
- osteons
- canaliculi
- bone cells within lacunae, nourish bone cells
- fossa
- depression in a bone
- osteoblasts
- form bone cells
- lacunae
- tiny cavities where osteocytes are found
- costal cartilage
- connects ribs to sternum
- bursae
- cushion for to avoid friction
- what is the most abundant type of skeletal cartilage?
- hyaline cartilage
- when are your bones the densest?
- 40 years old
- what does smoking do to a womans estrogen levels?
- reduces them
- suture
- interlocking joints that unite all bones of the skull
-
ball and socket joint
example -
multiaxial
shoulder and hip -
plane joint
example -
non axial
wrist and ankle - pivot joint
- uniaxial
- gout
- uric acid accumulates in the blood of the joints
- what are menisci?
- semi lunar cartilage in the knee
- what do tendon sheaths do ?
- reduces friction between bones by wrapping completely around a tendon
- what is olecranon bursitis?
- students elbow
- list the three major bones of the axial skeleton
- skull, vertebral column, rib cage
- coronal
- forehead
- sagittal suture
- middle of cranium
- lambdoid suture
- back of skull
- squamosal suture
- side (temporal to temporal)
- hyoid
- doesnt connect with any other bone
- axis
- c2
- atlas
- c1 , no centrum
- foramen
- hole in bone
- occipital bone
- most posterior bone of the skull, FORAMEN MAGNUM goes through it
- centrum
-
-weight bearing part of the vertabral column
-protects spinal cord
-articulates vertebrae - intercostals space
- spaces between the ribs
- coccxyx
- tail bone
- acromioclavicular joint
- clavicle and scapula
- radius
- thumb side of the forearm
- ulna
- pinky side of the forearm
- carpal bones
- wrist bones
- sacroiliac joint
- sacrum and ilium
- calcaneous
- heelbone
- how many vertebrae does a fetus have?
- 33
- what are the three bones of teh sternum called?
-
-manubrium
-body
-xiphoid process - what are the two locatons of the interosseous membrane?
-
-between the tibula and fibula
-between the ulna and radius - what are the names, number, and location if bones in the hand
- 14 phalanges, 5 metacarpals, 8 carpals
- what are the names, numbers, and locations of the foot bones?
- 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges
- what are characteristics of smooth muscles?
- compose organs, slow, involuntary
- what are the characterists of skeletal muscle?
- most abundant, strong, voluntary
- what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
- involuntary, only found in the heart
- sarcolemma
- plasma membrane in muscle cells
- frontalis muscle
-
forehead
- orbicularis orsis
- closes and protrudes the lips
- temporalis
- connected to the mandible, helps close the jaw
- masseter
- muscle closes the jaw by elevating the mandible
- pectoralis major
- adducts and flexes the arm
- what is the sternocleidomastoid the antagonist of?
- trapezius
- what does the erector spinae group allow the body to do?
- bend at the waist
- what do the adductor muscles allow the body to do?
- press the thighs together
- what is the gastrocnemius?
- calf muscle, inserts into calcaneal tendon
- what is the sartorius?
- weak, strap like thigh muscle
- what is the order (in decreasing strength) of teh anterior arm muscles? (4)
- brachialis, biceps,brachii, branchioradialis
- where does the gluteus maximum originate?
- sacrum and illiac bones
- what are the three muscles that make up the hamstrings?
-
-biceps femoris
-semi membranosus
-semi tendinosus
- dorsiflex
-
point toes upward
- plantar flex
- point toes down
- the endocrine system works closely with what other system?
- nervous
- what are the chemical messengers used by the endocrine system?
- hormones
- what are hormones made of?
- CNOH
- growth hormones target what two things?
- skeleton and bones
- how do hormones get around the body?
- blood and lymph
- what are tropic hormones
- specific tissue cells to that hormone
- what do tropic hormones effect?
- their target hormones
- where is the pituitary gland?
- brain-interior surface of the hypothalamus
- what does the PLR hormone target?
- breast
- what does FSH in males do?
- stimulates sperm development
- what is the 'master endocrine gland"?
- anterior pituitary
- what are the three functions of the thyroid hormone?
-
1.controls glucose burning
2.converts glucose into body heat
3.forms chemical energy from glucose