APES Test 1
Terms
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- exponential growth
- a quantity increases by a fixed percent of the whole in a given time
-
1. population growth
2. increasing resource use
3. destruction and degradation of wildlife habitats
4. premature extinction of plants and animals
5. poverty
6. pollution - environmental issues we face
-
2.5 bill
6.1 bill
8 bill - human population in 1950, 2000, 2028
- biological scientists studying relationships between living organisms and their environment
- ecologists
- environmental scientists
- use info from physical and social science to 1. understand how the world works, 2. learn how humans interact with the earth. 3. develop slns to enviro probs
- conservation bioligists
- created in the 70s as a multidisciplinary science to 1. investigate human impact on biodiversity and 2. develop practical plans for preserving biodiversity
- environmentalists
- concerned about impact of ppl on enviro quality and believe ppl's actions are degrading their earth. combo of science and social/ ethical beliefs
- preservationists
- want to protect undisturbed natural areas from harmful human activities
- conservationists
- want to use natual areas and wildlife in ways that sustain them
- restorationists
- want to restore areas hurt by humans
- ecology
- biological science studying relationships between living organisms and environment
- environmental science
- interdisciplinary science using ecology, bio, chem, geology, economics, politics, and ethics to 1. help us understand how world works, 2. learn how we are affecting the enviro, 3. propose slns to probs
- solar capital
- sun energy
- natural capital
- air, water, soil, wildlife, minerals
- natural resource
- water purification, recycling, pest control
- solar energy
- direct sunlight as well as wind power, hydropower, biomass
- basic needs
- food, air, water, shelter, income, respectable and safe work, health care, rec, cultural opps, education, freedom from physical danger
- environmentally sustainable society
- provides basic needs without depleting resources
- living sustainably
- living off natural income without depleting natl capital
- rule of 70
- 70/ % growth rate = doubling time in years
- world popltn growth rate
- 1.35%/yr
- 95% projected popltn growthq
- in developing contries
- 20% (1.2 bill) ppl have
- high per capita income
- 25% (1.5 bill) ppl have
- low income, less than $1/day
- 30% (1.8 bill) ppl have
- low income ($2-3/day)
- poor people have kids to
-
1. help grow food
2. gather fuel
3. tend livestock
4. work
5. beg in streets
6. help them survive in old age - how many people die/ yr from malnutrition, disease caused by susceptibility because of malnutrition, drinking contaminated water
- 10 million
- ecological resource
- anything an organism needs for normal maintenance, growth, reproduction
- economic resource
- anything from enviro to meet human needs and wants
- perpetual resource
- sun energy
- renewable resource
- flow resources like forests, grassland, animals, good water and air and soil
- sustainable yield
- highest rate you can use renewable resources without depleting them
- nonrenewable resources
- energy resources, metallic mineral (recyclable), nonmetallic mineral (hard to recycle)
- option when a resource is economically depleted
-
1. try to find more
2. recycle/ resuse what you have
3. waste kess
4. use less
5. develop a substitute
6. wait millions of years to more - pollution
- any addition to air, water, soil, food threatening health, survial, or activities of ppl or living organisms
- anthropogenic
- from people
- point sources
- smokestack, drain pipe, exhaust pipe
- non pt sources
- runoff, sprayed pesticides
- pollution prevention/ input control
- recudes/ eliminates production of pollutants (refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle)
- pollution cleanup/output control
- clean up pollutants after produced. this is only temporary and the trash has to go somewhere else. too costly
- PAT
- number of people, acerage resrouce use/ person, enviro effects of techno used to provide/ consume each unit of resource
- planetary management worldview
-
humans can and should manage planet mostly for their own benefit.
we are most important species (apart from nature), resources are unlimited because of science and techno, economic growth increases human well being and the potential for economic growth is unlimited, success depends on how well humans can understand, contro, manage earth for our own benefits - environmental wisdom worldview
- wea re part of nature, resources are limited and should not be wasted, some techno is good an some bad, success depends on learning how earth works/ adapts, integrating environmental wisdom into way s we think/act
- enviro sustainability revolution
-
polltn cleanup -> prevention
waste disposal -> prevention/ redxn
protecting species -> protecting habitats
enviro degradation -> enviro restoration
increased resource use -> more effient resource use
popltn grown -> popltn stabilization - using taxes to prevent polltn:
- forces businesses to invent new techno for polltn contro, redesign process for polltn prevention
- matter
- anything with mass and takes up space (solids, liquids, gas)
- elements
- distinctive building blocks of matter kaking up every material substance
- compounds
- 2+ elements held together in fixed proportions by attractive forces called chem bonds
- mixtures
- elements, compounds, or both
- ion
- electrically charged atoms or combo of atoms
- molecules
- combo of 2+ atoms of same/ different elements held together by chem bonds
- nitrogen and oxygen
- 99% of the air you breathe
- ozone
- lower part of stratosphere
- atomic #
- number of p
- mass #
- number of n+p
- isotope
- same atomic #, different mass#
- pH
- concentration of H+ in water sln
- pH less than 7
- acidic
- pH greater than 7
- basic
- 10 fold increase in acidity
- each whole number drop in pH
- water a --- compound
- covalent, molecular
- organic compounds
-
hydrocarbons (methane, CH4)
chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, C14H9Cl5)
chloroflourocarbons (CFCs, Freon12)
simple carbs (simple sugars) - polymers
- monomers with chemical bonds (complex carbs, proteins, nucleic acids)
- genes
- specific sequence of nucleotides in dna
- genome
- complete set of genes (100,000 in human body)
- red blood cells
- have no nucleus
- number of cells in human body
- 100 trillion
- how many genes/cell
- 140,000
- matter quality
- usefulness of a form of matter. availability and concentration
- high quality matter
- organized, concentrated, near surface of earth
- material efficiency/ resrouce productivity
- total amount of material needed per unit of goods and services
- % of matter resources in developed countries making useful goods/ services
- 2-6%, could be improved to 75-90%
- energy
- capacity to do work/ transfer heat
- work
- matter movement
- kinetic energy
- wind, streams, heat flow between bodoes. electricity, electromagnetic radiation, heat, temperature
- pollution must be
- burned, buried, cleaned and used as fertilizer
- how harmful is a pollutant
- consider chem nature, concentration, persistence
- degradable (non persistent)
-
ex. sewage
can be broken down by natural phys, chem, bio processes.
biodegradable polltn - persistent (slowly degradable)
-
decades to degrade
ex. ddt, plastics - non degradable
- ex. lead, mercury
- 1st law of energy
- conservation of energy and mass
- 2nd law of energy
- entropy
- 5% useful light
- lightbulb
- energy efficiency/ productivity
- how much useful work is accomplished by a particular energy input into a system
- high throuput economies
- high waste. attempt every increasing economic growth by increasing flow of matter and energy resources through an economic system
-
matter recycling economy
low throughput/ low waste -
reuse/ recycle
use resources no faster than replenished
use resources effiently
reduce unnecessary consumption
polltn prevention, waste redxn
control popltn growth - hunter gatherer time period
- 12,000 years ago
- agricultural revolution
- 10000-12000 years ago
- industrial revolution
- 275 yrs ago
- info and globalization revltn
- 50 yrs ago
- hunter gatherers knew
-
where to find water
how plant availability changes seasonally
can eat plants and animals and use as medicine
how animals migrate - hunter gatherer enviro impact small b/c
-
small popltn
low resource use
migration
no tecnho - industrial revltn energy use switch
- renewable power sources like wood and water to nonrenewable power sources like fossil fuels
- frontier environmental worldview
- american settlers. see land as wilderness to be conquered by clearing and planting
- Homestead Act of 1862
- each qualified settler in Great plains given 160 acres free land
- 1890
- frontier officially closed
- Henry David Thoreau
- walden pond. life in the woods
- George Perkins Marsh
- man and nature
- Forest Reserve Act of 1891
- establishes responsibility of the fed govt for protecting public lands
- John Muir founded
- the sierra club in 1892. preservationist movement.
- Golden Age of Concservation
- 1901-1909, Teddy Roosevelt uses presidential power to designate wildlife refuges.
- Pelican Island
- 1st wildlife refuge designated by Teddy Roosevelt in 1903
- Grand Canyon
- first of 16 national parks
- US Bureau of Reclamation
- est by Teddy Roosevelt
- US Forest Service
- created by congress in 1905 and headed by Gifford Pinchot
- Hetch Hetchy Valley
- Yosemite, wise use/ conservationist (roosevelt and pinchot) v. preservationist (muir)
- National Park Service Act
-
passed 1916, Woodrow Wilson. Parks are to be maintained in a manner which leaves them unimpaired for future generations
est. national park service (dept of interior)
idea is to encourage tourist visits with private concessionaires - Lake Merritt, CA
- 1870, first official wildlife refuge
- Yellowstone and American Forestry Assoc (private citizens)
- 1872
- remaining bison given refuge in yellowstone
- 1893
- Timber cutting banned on public land
- 1891-1897
- Lacey Act
- 1900, bans interstate shipment of birds killed in violation of state laws
- Reclamation act
- 1902, promotes irrigation and water development in arid West
- US Forest Service, Audubon Society
- 1905
- Antiquities Act
- 1906, allows prez to set aside fed lands as natl monuments
- Pure food and drug act
- 1906
- Weeks Act
- 1911, Forest Service can purchase land at headwaters of navigable streams as part of the natl forest system
- Public health services act
- 1912, govt can investigate water polltn
- Ecological Society of America
- 1915
- Migratory Bird Act
- 1918, restricts hunting
- Public health boards est in most cities
- 1920-1927
- Conservationists damn Tuolomne R in Hetch Hetchy Valley to supply San Francisco with drinking water
- 1901-1913, Pinchot and Phelan
- Wilderness Society
- 1935, founded by Robert Marsahll and Aldo Leopold
- country's first influential expert in industrial medicine
- Allison Hamilton
- Civilian Conservation Corps
-
1933, plant trees.
develop/ maintain parks and rec areas.
restore silted waterways
build levees and dams for flood control
control soil erosion
protect wildlife - OPEC
- organization of petroleum exporting countries
- Soil Conservation Act
- 1935, est. soil erosion service, soil conservation service, natl resources conservation service
- Silent Spring
- published by Rachel Carson in 1962
- Apollo Mission
- 1969, spaceship-eart environmental worldview
- 1970s
- first decade of the environment
- 1974 oil price spike
-
double digit inflation in us
high interest rates
high international debt
global economic recession - opec reduced oil exports and bans oil to us b/c
- us supported israel in 18 day yom kippur war with egypt and syria
- 1979 oil drop
- iran's islamic revltn
- opec formed
-
1960
Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuala - Jimmy Carter
-
creates dept of energy
creates superfun as part of comprehensive enviro response, compensation, and liability act of 1980. uses antiquities act to triple land in natl wilderness system, coubles area of natl park system - Fedl Land policy and management act
- gives bureau of land management power in 1978
- Sagebrush Rebellion
- 1980s, ranchers, miners, loggers, development, farmers, elected officials. in response to fed land policy and management act
- Wise Use movement
- 1988
- 4 big 20th century enviro issues
-
climate change, econosystem and economic disruption from global warming
increased water shortages and conflict over water supplies in local and regional areas
continued popltn growth
continued biodiversity loss - major goals of us enviro orgs
-
focus on big probs
protect an additonal 40 mill hectares (100 mill acres)
end commercial forests. use for rec and conservation
halt urban sprawl
build public support
build pro enviro group in congress
use poltics to phase out harmful govt enviro subsidies - A Sand County Almanac
- Aldo Leopold
- Taylor Grazing Act
- 1934
- Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act
- 1934
- Wildlife Restoration Act
- 1937, levies fed tax on guns and ammunitions sales. money goes to wildlife research and protection
- US Fish and Wildlife service
- 1940. manage natl wildlife refuges
- Fed Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
- 1947
- Air Poltn disaster at Donora Pennsyvania
- 1948. kills 20, sickens 7000
- Atomic Energy Act
- 1954
- Water Poltn Control Act
- 1954
- Price Anderson Act
- 1957. limits liability of plant owners and governments in major nuke power plant accidents
- Clean Air Act
- 1963. 300 deaths in nyc from air pltn
- Wilderness ACt. Natl wilderness sytem
- 1964
- Land and WAter Conservation Act
- 1965
- poltn of lake erie closes beaches
- 1965-1970
- The Population Bomb
- Paul Ehrlich 1968
- Tragedy of the Commons
- Garret Handen, 1968
- Cuyahoga R in ohio burns for 8 days
- 1969
- oil leaks in cali close beaches
- 1969
- The Closing Circle
- Barry Commoner, 1971
- 1st earth day
- 1970. established by nixon and senator gaylord nelson
- OSHA Act
- 1970
- Resources Recovery Act
- 1970
- First bottle recycling law
- 1972, oregon
- Earth Island Institute
- 1972, David Brower
- ED enviro pesticide control act
- 1972
- limits to growth published
- 1972
- ocean dumping act
- 1972
- marine protection, research, and sanctuaries act
- 1972
- coastal zone management act
- 1972
- marine mammal protection act
- 1972
- consumer product safety act
- 1972
- UN conference on human enviro
- 1972
- lead based paint poisoning act
- 1973
- World watch institute
- Lester Brown, 1974
- Safe Drinking Water ACt
- 1974
- sherwood roland and mario molina
- cfcs are depleting ozone. 1974
- energy policy and conservation act
- 1975
- natl forest management act
- 1976
- toxic control substances act
- 1976
- resource conservation and reconvery act
- 1976
- noise control act
- 1976
- clean water act
- 1977
- surface mining control and reclamation act
- 1977
- the soft energy path
- amory b lovins 1977
- Love Canal, NY
- 1978
- comprehensive enviro responibility, compensation, and liability act (superfund)
- 1980
- Alaska natl interest lands conservation act
- 1980
- first state of the world report
- lester r brown 1984
- chernobyl, ukraine
- 1986
- times beach evacuated because of dioxin contamination
- 1986
- montreal protocal
- halve ozone depleting cfcs, 1987
- exxon valdez
- in alaska's prince william sound 1989
- natl enviro education act
- 1990
- persian gulf war
- 1991
- moratorium on mining in antarctica for 50 yrs
- 1991
- natl ppl of color summit to promote enviro justice
- 1991
- ecology of commerce
- paul hawken 1993
- un conference on popltn and development
- 1994
- Cali desert protection act
- 1994
- Our stolen future
- hormone disrupting chems, theo coburn 1996
- kyoto protocol (161 nations)
- 1997
- first animals to invade land and air
- bugs
- most successful, diverse, abundant animals
- bugs
- eukaryotic
- surrounded by membrane, distinct, membrane bound nucleus, internal parts (organelles)
- prokaryotic
- all bacteria are one celled prokaryotes. surrounded by membrane.
- species
- organisms resembling each other in appearance, behavior, chemistry, genetic makeup
- how many species on earth? excluding bacteria?
- 50-100 mill, 10-14 mill
- biologists have named and ide-ed
-
1.8 mill species (not including bacteria)
42% insects
15% plants - taxonomists
- biologists who id and catalogue species
- popltn
-
group of interacting individuals of the same species occupying a specific area at the same time. vary slightly in genetic make up (genetic diversity).
change in size, age distribution, density, genetic composition - habitat
- where a popltn normally lives
- biological community
- popltns of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving enviro of matter and energy
- biosphere
-
portion of earth in which biotic organisms exist.
hydrosphere, parts of lower atmosphere and upper lithosphere - atmosphere
- troposphere and stratosphere
- troposphere
- inner layer extending 17 km above sea level with most of planet's air
- stratosphere
- 17-48 km above earths surface
- hydrosphere
- liquid water (surface and underground), ice, water vapor in atmosphere
- lithosphere
- earth's crust and upper mantle
- microbes
- bacteria, protozoa, fungi, yeasts
- foods processed by microbes
- bread, cheese, yogurt, vinegar, tofu, soy sauce, beer, wine
- antibiotics produced by microbes
- penicillin, erythromycin, streptocycin
- what sustains life on earth?
-
one way flow of high quality solar energy through materials and living things in feeding interactions, into environment as low quality energy (heat), back into space as heat.
cycling of matter through biosphere
gravity - stuff the sun does
-
lights and wamrs the planet
photosynthesis
powers matter cycling
drives climate and weather systems - earth receives how much of sun's energy?
-
i billionth
warms troposphere, evaporates water, generates winds - the sun is made up of
- 72% hydrogen and 28%helium
- biomes
- terrestrial large regions characterized by a distinct climate and specific life forms, esp vegetaion, adapted to it
- ecotones
- ecosystems merge in these transitional zones
- abiotic
- water air nutrients solar energy
- biotic
- living, plants, animals, microorganisms
- range of tolerance
- popltn in ecosystem has this about variations in physical/ chem enviro. all have optimum level/range
- terrestrial key factors
- sunlight , temp, precip, wind, latitude, altitude, fire grequency, soil
- key factors in aquatic life zones
-
light pentration, water currents, dissolved nutrient concentrations, suspended solids, salinity.
sea is 3.4% salt by weight. - law of tolerance
- tolerance limits beyond which no member of a species can survive. least tolerant in juvenile and reproductive stages of life cycle
- limiting factor principle
- some limiting factor will be most important in limiting popltn growth. this can change through the life cycle. often water or some mineral
- metabolism
- complete set of chem rxns for cells/ organisms that capture or transfrom matter and energy from enviro to supplu needs for survival, growth, reproduction
- producers
-
autotrophs- self feeders. ex. phytoplankton
photosynthesize glucose - chemosynthesis
- plants without sunlight. bacteria from simple compounds from thier environment. in ocean, producer bacteria use geothermal energy
- heterotrophs
- consumers
- herbivore
- primary consumers living on producers
- carnivore
- feed on other consumers. feed only on herbivores=2ndary consumers. other carnivores=tertiary consumers
- omnivores
- pigs, rats, foxes, bears, cockroaches, humans. eat plants and animals
- scavengers
-
vultures, flies, hyencas, some sharks and ants
feed on dead organisms - detritus feeders
-
crabs, carpenter antrs, termites, earthworms
extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter in leaf litter, plant debris, and animal dung - decomposers
-
bacertia and fungi
recycle organic matter in ecosystems by biodegrading dead organic materal (detritus) for nutrients and releasing resulting simpler inroganic compounds into soil and water to be used as nutrients by producers - detritivores
-
detritus feeders and decomposers
live on detritus