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EC PSC263 F08 Ex1

Terms

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Tonkin Gulf Resolution
1964 congressional permission for president to go to war in Vietnam
Thucydides
wrote first historical text about Peloponnesian War
tactical nuclear weapons
shorter-range weapons intended for battlefield use, most likey in Europe
Yalta Conference
Cold War - Big Three (Churchill, FDR, and Stalin) met and established UN, divided Germany into 4 parts and agreed to hold free elections in poland
New Look
President Eisenhower's defense policy, which stressed reliance on nuclear weapons as an alternative to conventional ground forces in an effort to balance the budget while maintaining US military superiority
Paris Accords
1973 agreement to end the second Vietnam War
Douglas MacArthur
general and supreme commander of the US troops in Korea
McMahon Act
US law that initially forbade the sharing of atomic secrets with any nation
ballistic missile
a missile that is propelled into space by rocket boosters, after which one or more reentry vehicles follow trajectories to their targets that are governed mainly by gravity and atmospheric drag
flexible response
the military policy that replaced massive retaliation and was approved by NATO in 1967; it emphasized the use of conventional forces to respond to conventional force aggression but retained the option to use nuclear weapons first if necessary
George F. Kennan
long-time US State Department expert on the Soviet Union who in the late 1940s headed the department's Policy Planning Staff; author of the 1947 Foreign Affairs article "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" which became the basis for the US policy for containment
Truman Doctrine
a US commitment, announced in 1847 in the context of crises in Greece and Turkey, to provide assistance to countries threatened by Communism
Triple Entene
alliance before WWI GB, France, Russia
Beer Hall Putsch
1923, Hitler's attempt to become the leader of Bavaria by force, but instead was caught and imprisoned
Nuremberg Laws
Created in 1945, German laws against Jews
Veitcong
informal name of communist-led south Vietnamese National Liberation Front
Kremlin
the seat of the Soviet government, in Moscow
Liberalism
belief in progress, human nature is not flawed, morals should guide foreign policy, benefits of free trade, trust in international institutions
Henry Kissinger
Nixon's National Security Advisor who developed the policy of detente which was the relaxation of tensions and led to the SALT conventions
Classes in Sparta
Spartiates (upper) and Helots (lower)
Geneva Accords
agreement to end the first Vietnam War in 1954 which called for a cease fire, a line dividing Vietnam, and elections in 2 years
Zimmerman Telegram
Telegram sent to Mexico requesting allegiance, which the US intercepted and was the reason for entering WWI
Surface-to-air missiles
ground-based missiles used to destroy enemy aircraft in flight
Atomic Energy Commission
civilian organization charged to build the US's atomic weapon arsenal, which had previously been a military operation
Fidel Castro
president of Cuba since 1959 when he led a revolution to overthrow the previous dictatorship
George Marshall
US secretary of state, 1947-1949, author of the Marshall Plan; US secretary of defense, 1950-1951
Sputnik
the first artificial earth-orbiting satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in October 1957
Limited Test Ban Treaty
prohibits nuclear tests underwater, in the atmosphere or in outer space (but not underground) negotiated by the US, GB, and the Soviet Union in 1963
containment
the US policy, first articulated by George Kennan, to oppose the spread of Soviet influence in Europe as well as in other parts of the world
Allied Powers
WWI GB, France, Russia, Japan, Italy, USA
Vietmihn
communist Vietnamese anti-French liberation movement in the 1940s and 1950s led by Ho Chi Mihn
Paul Nitze
State Department official who directed the drafting of NSC 68
Triple Alliance
alliance before WWIGermany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Operation Greenhouse
conducted in mid-1951, as US series of explosions ion the Pacific that produced the first thermonuclear reaction
dual key agreement
an arrangement between the United States and a NATO ally requiring that the leaders of both countries approve the launch of a weapon stationed in the European country
Single Integrated Operational Plan
first developed in the fall of 1960 to coordinate US military plans for the use of strategic nuclear weapons in wartime
strategic nuclear weapons
Soviet and US long-range weapons intended for use against the opponent's homeland
Warsaw Pact
a military alliance of the Soviet Union and its East European states, formed in May 1955
Schlieffen Plan
WWI Germany's play to attack through Belgium (neutral) to take Paris and not have to fight a two front war
Executive Committee (excom)
a group of advisers assembled by President Kennedy to evaluate US options during the Cuban missile crisis
deterrence
in nuclear terms, the idea that a nation will refrain from attacking another nation because of the risk of nuclear retaliation
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
husband and wife convicted of providing atomic secrets to the Soviets and executed in 1953
Edward Teller
Los Alamos physicist, strongly advocated the development of the h-bomb
Strategic Air Command
a part of the US Air Force formed in the late 1940s, to engage in long-range bombing missions and to prepare for nuclear strikes
Adlai Stevenson
US ambassador to the United Nations, 1961-1965
Archduke Franz Ferinand
Killed in sarajevo, bosnia which was one of the major kickoffs to WWI
Bay of Pigs
an unsuccessful US invasion of Cuba launched in April 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro
NSC 68
A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment
Gulag Archipelago
system of prisons for political prisoners created by Stalin, in which 40 million citizen died
Force de Frappe
the independent nuclear force
totalitarianism
a political system in which government attempts to subordinate all social, political, economic, and cultural activities to the purposes of the state; one party with a charismatic leader
Tet
Vietnamese new year; early 1968 North Vietnamese/Vietcong nationwide offensive
John Foster Dulles
secretary of sate, 1953-1959; announced the policy of massive retaliation in 1954 in an address to the Council on Foreign Relations
Realism
Primacy of the nation-state, self-interest, nation-states gain always attempt to gain power, politics is based upon objective laws which are determined by human nature
Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
ground-based radar system developed in the late 1950s for tracking enemy missiles to provide 15 minutes' advance warning of approaching missiles
Clement Attlee
British Prime Minister 1945-1951
Klaus Fuchs
British physicist who worked on the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos, was arrested in 1950 and confessed to divulging atomic secrets to the Soviets
Operation Ivy
in 1952, a US test of the first thermonuclear bomb, at the Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific
U-2
a high-altitude US reconnaissance plane that took photographs of the Soviet Union from June 1956 until one was shot down in May 1960
Liberalist
Kant (historicist) and Locke
fallout
the residual radioactive particles from a nuclear explosion, which gradually fall to earth, potentially at great distances from the explosion, and are capable of causing illness or death
secret police
Soviet Union - cheka/KGB; Germany - Gestapo
massive retaliation
the poilicy, announced by Secretary of State Dulles in January 1954, that the United States would potentially respond to any Communist aggression with a massive nuclear strike against the Soviet Union and China
intercontinental ballistic missile
an extremely long-range land based missile capable of delivering a nuclear warhead from the homeland of one superpower to the homeland of the other
Realists
Machiavelli, Hobbes, Morganthau (father of realism)
NSDD 75
Reagan's policy to roll back Soviet communism around the world
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
originated as a treaty pledging mutual assistance in the event of war and signed in 1949 by Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Lumembourg, the United States, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, and Italy; after the outbreak of the Korean War the signatories established the treaty organization as a joint military command
cold war
the state of heightened tension between the Soviet Union and the United States
atlas
first US intercontinental ballistic missile, developed by the Air Force and initially deployed in 1959
Berlin blockade
from June 1948 through May 1949, the Soviets blocked passenger and freight traffic entering West Berlin, cutting off supplies of food and coal
Mutual Assured Destruction
During the Kennedy administration, Secretary of State McNamara declared that massive retaliation was no longer effective because both sides could cause too much harm to each other, so this was the new nuclear policy
guerrilla
small-unit, irregular struggle based on political revolution
McCarthyism
the practice of making public accusations of disloyalty or subversive (especially communist) activity without necessarily having the evidence to prove the charges; the term arose from the actions of Sen. Joseph McCarthy in the early 1950s

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