EC PSC263 F08 Ex1
Terms
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- Tonkin Gulf Resolution
- 1964 congressional permission for president to go to war in Vietnam
- Thucydides
- wrote first historical text about Peloponnesian War
- tactical nuclear weapons
- shorter-range weapons intended for battlefield use, most likey in Europe
- Yalta Conference
- Cold War - Big Three (Churchill, FDR, and Stalin) met and established UN, divided Germany into 4 parts and agreed to hold free elections in poland
- New Look
- President Eisenhower's defense policy, which stressed reliance on nuclear weapons as an alternative to conventional ground forces in an effort to balance the budget while maintaining US military superiority
- Paris Accords
- 1973 agreement to end the second Vietnam War
- Douglas MacArthur
- general and supreme commander of the US troops in Korea
- McMahon Act
- US law that initially forbade the sharing of atomic secrets with any nation
- ballistic missile
- a missile that is propelled into space by rocket boosters, after which one or more reentry vehicles follow trajectories to their targets that are governed mainly by gravity and atmospheric drag
- flexible response
- the military policy that replaced massive retaliation and was approved by NATO in 1967; it emphasized the use of conventional forces to respond to conventional force aggression but retained the option to use nuclear weapons first if necessary
- George F. Kennan
- long-time US State Department expert on the Soviet Union who in the late 1940s headed the department's Policy Planning Staff; author of the 1947 Foreign Affairs article "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" which became the basis for the US policy for containment
- Truman Doctrine
- a US commitment, announced in 1847 in the context of crises in Greece and Turkey, to provide assistance to countries threatened by Communism
- Triple Entene
- alliance before WWI GB, France, Russia
- Beer Hall Putsch
- 1923, Hitler's attempt to become the leader of Bavaria by force, but instead was caught and imprisoned
- Nuremberg Laws
- Created in 1945, German laws against Jews
- Veitcong
- informal name of communist-led south Vietnamese National Liberation Front
- Kremlin
- the seat of the Soviet government, in Moscow
- Liberalism
- belief in progress, human nature is not flawed, morals should guide foreign policy, benefits of free trade, trust in international institutions
- Henry Kissinger
- Nixon's National Security Advisor who developed the policy of detente which was the relaxation of tensions and led to the SALT conventions
- Classes in Sparta
- Spartiates (upper) and Helots (lower)
- Geneva Accords
- agreement to end the first Vietnam War in 1954 which called for a cease fire, a line dividing Vietnam, and elections in 2 years
- Zimmerman Telegram
- Telegram sent to Mexico requesting allegiance, which the US intercepted and was the reason for entering WWI
- Surface-to-air missiles
- ground-based missiles used to destroy enemy aircraft in flight
- Atomic Energy Commission
- civilian organization charged to build the US's atomic weapon arsenal, which had previously been a military operation
- Fidel Castro
- president of Cuba since 1959 when he led a revolution to overthrow the previous dictatorship
- George Marshall
- US secretary of state, 1947-1949, author of the Marshall Plan; US secretary of defense, 1950-1951
- Sputnik
- the first artificial earth-orbiting satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in October 1957
- Limited Test Ban Treaty
- prohibits nuclear tests underwater, in the atmosphere or in outer space (but not underground) negotiated by the US, GB, and the Soviet Union in 1963
- containment
- the US policy, first articulated by George Kennan, to oppose the spread of Soviet influence in Europe as well as in other parts of the world
- Allied Powers
- WWI GB, France, Russia, Japan, Italy, USA
- Vietmihn
- communist Vietnamese anti-French liberation movement in the 1940s and 1950s led by Ho Chi Mihn
- Paul Nitze
- State Department official who directed the drafting of NSC 68
- Triple Alliance
- alliance before WWIGermany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
- Operation Greenhouse
- conducted in mid-1951, as US series of explosions ion the Pacific that produced the first thermonuclear reaction
- dual key agreement
- an arrangement between the United States and a NATO ally requiring that the leaders of both countries approve the launch of a weapon stationed in the European country
- Single Integrated Operational Plan
- first developed in the fall of 1960 to coordinate US military plans for the use of strategic nuclear weapons in wartime
- strategic nuclear weapons
- Soviet and US long-range weapons intended for use against the opponent's homeland
- Warsaw Pact
- a military alliance of the Soviet Union and its East European states, formed in May 1955
- Schlieffen Plan
- WWI Germany's play to attack through Belgium (neutral) to take Paris and not have to fight a two front war
- Executive Committee (excom)
- a group of advisers assembled by President Kennedy to evaluate US options during the Cuban missile crisis
- deterrence
- in nuclear terms, the idea that a nation will refrain from attacking another nation because of the risk of nuclear retaliation
- Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
- husband and wife convicted of providing atomic secrets to the Soviets and executed in 1953
- Edward Teller
- Los Alamos physicist, strongly advocated the development of the h-bomb
- Strategic Air Command
- a part of the US Air Force formed in the late 1940s, to engage in long-range bombing missions and to prepare for nuclear strikes
- Adlai Stevenson
- US ambassador to the United Nations, 1961-1965
- Archduke Franz Ferinand
- Killed in sarajevo, bosnia which was one of the major kickoffs to WWI
- Bay of Pigs
- an unsuccessful US invasion of Cuba launched in April 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro
- NSC 68
- A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment
- Gulag Archipelago
- system of prisons for political prisoners created by Stalin, in which 40 million citizen died
- Force de Frappe
- the independent nuclear force
- totalitarianism
- a political system in which government attempts to subordinate all social, political, economic, and cultural activities to the purposes of the state; one party with a charismatic leader
- Tet
- Vietnamese new year; early 1968 North Vietnamese/Vietcong nationwide offensive
- John Foster Dulles
- secretary of sate, 1953-1959; announced the policy of massive retaliation in 1954 in an address to the Council on Foreign Relations
- Realism
- Primacy of the nation-state, self-interest, nation-states gain always attempt to gain power, politics is based upon objective laws which are determined by human nature
- Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
- ground-based radar system developed in the late 1950s for tracking enemy missiles to provide 15 minutes' advance warning of approaching missiles
- Clement Attlee
- British Prime Minister 1945-1951
- Klaus Fuchs
- British physicist who worked on the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos, was arrested in 1950 and confessed to divulging atomic secrets to the Soviets
- Operation Ivy
- in 1952, a US test of the first thermonuclear bomb, at the Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific
- U-2
- a high-altitude US reconnaissance plane that took photographs of the Soviet Union from June 1956 until one was shot down in May 1960
- Liberalist
- Kant (historicist) and Locke
- fallout
- the residual radioactive particles from a nuclear explosion, which gradually fall to earth, potentially at great distances from the explosion, and are capable of causing illness or death
- secret police
- Soviet Union - cheka/KGB; Germany - Gestapo
- massive retaliation
- the poilicy, announced by Secretary of State Dulles in January 1954, that the United States would potentially respond to any Communist aggression with a massive nuclear strike against the Soviet Union and China
- intercontinental ballistic missile
- an extremely long-range land based missile capable of delivering a nuclear warhead from the homeland of one superpower to the homeland of the other
- Realists
- Machiavelli, Hobbes, Morganthau (father of realism)
- NSDD 75
- Reagan's policy to roll back Soviet communism around the world
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- originated as a treaty pledging mutual assistance in the event of war and signed in 1949 by Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Lumembourg, the United States, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, and Italy; after the outbreak of the Korean War the signatories established the treaty organization as a joint military command
- cold war
- the state of heightened tension between the Soviet Union and the United States
- atlas
- first US intercontinental ballistic missile, developed by the Air Force and initially deployed in 1959
- Berlin blockade
- from June 1948 through May 1949, the Soviets blocked passenger and freight traffic entering West Berlin, cutting off supplies of food and coal
- Mutual Assured Destruction
- During the Kennedy administration, Secretary of State McNamara declared that massive retaliation was no longer effective because both sides could cause too much harm to each other, so this was the new nuclear policy
- guerrilla
- small-unit, irregular struggle based on political revolution
- McCarthyism
- the practice of making public accusations of disloyalty or subversive (especially communist) activity without necessarily having the evidence to prove the charges; the term arose from the actions of Sen. Joseph McCarthy in the early 1950s