Surface Processes and Landscapes
Terms
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- residual soil
- soil formed from the rock material beneath the soil
- The greater the slop the _____ infiltration
- less
- zone of saturation
- the part of Earth's surface that is filled with ground water
- evaporation
- the process of changiong from a liquid to a gas
- water table
- the upper surface of the zone of saturation of goround water
- porosity
- the amount of open pore spcae between particles of a material
- which has more open pore space sorted sediments or unsorted sediments?
- Unsorted sediments have greater porosity
- hydroligic cycle
- a model used to show the movement and phase changes of water on Earth's surfac: the continuous interchange of water between the atmosphere and Earth's surface
- what are the factors that effect deposition?
- particle size, paricle shape, particle density, velocity of transporting agents
- What are the major agents of erosion?
- running water, gravity, glaciers, wind, waves
- stalagmites
- limestone deposits which grow uo from the ground
- runoff
- the moving of liquid water on Earth's surface
- exfoliation
- large sheets of rock peel away from surface
- what influences stream velocity?
- stream or channel shape, gradient, discharge
- what is the driving force of erosion?
- gravity
- soil
- the part of the regolith that will support plants with roots
- What are the properties of sediments eroded by glaciers?
- angular, stratched and unsorted
- What climate is weathering most pronounced in?
- warm and moist climates
- weathering
- the chemical and physical breakdown of tocks at or near earth's surface by weathering agents
- what are the poroperties of sediments eroded by winds?
- pitted, frosted
- gravity
- the force that pulls objuects toward the center of the Earth
- stalactites
- icle-like limestone deposits which grow down from the ceiling
- residual sediment
- weathered meaterial that is resting on the bed rock from which it gormed
- how do streams carry materials?
- solution, suspension, saltation
- gradient
- the rate of change from location to location within a field
- flood plain
- the land between the stream and the step walls of the valley what is usually covered by astream during floods
- carbonation
- occurs when carbon dioxide unites chemically with minerals
- alluvial fan
- a deposit of sediment formed where the velocity of a river slows as it flows out of the mountains onto the flatland
- frost action
- alternate freezing and thawing of water
- aquifer
- water-bearing rock between two non water bearing rocks
- What is the most important factor in the weathering process?
- climate
- erosion
- the carrying away or transporting of weathered rock materials by water, wind, or ice
- regolith
- all the loose, unconsolidated material at Earth's surface
- What are the properties of sediments eroded by running water?
- round, smooth
- meander
- the bend in a river
- precipitation
- the falling of liqquid or solid water from clouds, the process by which disolved substnaces come out of solution to form solids
- saltation
- the bouncing of a material along a stream bed
- physical weathering
- occurs when rocks are cracked, slipt or broken inter smaller pieces called sediments with no change in the rock composition
- countor plowing
- crops are planted in rows parallel to the contours of land
- suspension
- the manner in which fine sediments of clay, silt and colloids are carried in a stream
- infiltration
- the seeping of water into the regolith, where it becomes ground water
- ground water
- liquid water that enters the regolith by infiltration guyots:
- erosional-depositional system
- combiines the erosional process, the transporting agents and the process of deposition
- What do rates of weathering depend on?
- particle sizw, mineral composition, climate,
- mass movement
- movement of earths materials downslope under the influence of gravity
- uranium 238
- a radioactive isotope of uranium that is very useful for dating very old rocks
- cross-bedding
- the result of sediments being deposited at an angle to the horizontal
- carbon 14
- a radioactive isotope of carbon used in dating fossils less than 40,000 years old
- erratics
- large rock deposited by a glacier that is different from the rock type beneath
- oxidation
- occurs when oxygen unites chemically with minerals
- zone of aeration
- the part of Earth's surface above the water table
- soil profile
- a cross section view of the soil horizons of a given sample
- v-shaped valleys
- the general shape of valleys carved by streams
- outwash
- rock material deposited by meltwater of a glacier
- hydration
- when water combines chemically with minerals
- karst topography
- a limestone area pitted with sink holes and caves
- chemical weathering
- any action that result in c change in the chemical composition of a rock
- capillarity
- the ability of water to rise in small openings
- abrasion
-
the physical wear down of rocks as they rub or bounce against each other
- channel
- center of a stream
- load
- the material carried by an agent of erosion
- topsoil
- the top layer of mature soil
- u-shaped valleys
- valleys carved by glaciers
- permeable
- materials that allow water to pass though
- natural bridges
- formations created twhen a stream breaks through the wall of two entreached meanders on opposite sides of a ridge
- till
- unsorted rock material deposited directly by glaciers
- deposition
- the release of sediments from a n erosional system (sedimentation)
- delta
- a deposit of sediment at the mouth of a river where the river loses tits carrying power as it enters a quiet body of water
- permeability
- the ability of a regolith to allow water to pass though
- transpiration
- the process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere
- maturity
- a stage of evelopment of a river during which side cuttting becomes greater than down cutting and a flood plain forms
- oxbow lake
- the curved section of river channels that have been abandoned by the river
- sediment laden flow
- transporting medium with sediments
- sink holes
- saucershaped holes left on the surface of land when carbonic acid dissolves limestone in the ground
- natural levees
- broad low ridges along both sides of the stream that form during times of flooding
- solution
- the manner in which dissolve particles are carried in a stream
- talus
- angular deposits of broken rocks along the base of a cliff technology: the application of scienctific discoveries to the methods of producing goods or services