Social Psychology - Part Three
Terms
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- prejudice
- a negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members
- stereotype
- a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people; sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information
- discrimination
- unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
- racism
- (1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race
- sexism
- (1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex
- stereotype threat
- a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unnlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one's reputation into one's self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects
- social identity
- the "we" aspect of our self-concept. The part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group
- ingroup
- "us" - a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity
- outgroup
- "them" - a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup
- ingroup bias
- the tendency to favor one's own group
- realistic group conflict theory
- the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
- ethnocentrism
- a belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and a corresponding disdain for all other groups
- outgroup homogeneity effect
- perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus "they are alike; we are diverse."
- own-race bias
- the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race
- illusory correlation
- a false impression that two variables correlate
- fundamental attribution error
- the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior
- group-serving bias
- explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attribting negative behaviors to their dispostitions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group)
- just-world phenomenom
- the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
- subtyping
- accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by splitting off a subgroup stereotype (such as "middle class Blacks" or "feminist women"; protects stereotypes
- aggression
- physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
- hostile aggression
- aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself (also called affective aggression)
- instrumental aggression
- aggression that is a means to some other end
- instinctive behavior
- an innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
- frustration
- the blocking of goal-directed behavior
- displacement
- the redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target
- relative deprivation
- the perception that one is less well off than others to whom one compares oneself
- social learning theory
- the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished
- crowding
- a subjective feeling of not having enough space per person
- catharsis
- emotional release. The catharsis view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression
- prosocial behavior
- positive, constructive, helpful social behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior
- need to belong
- a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions
- proximity
- geographical nearness; (functional distance) powerfully predicts liking
- mere-exposure effect
- the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them
- matching phenomenom
- the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits
- physical-attractiveness stereotype
- the presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well: What is beautiful is good.
- complementarity
- the popularity supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other
- ingratiation
- the use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor
- reward theory of attraction
- the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events
- passionate love
- a state of instense longing for union with another; absorbed in one another, feel ecstatic at attaingin their partner's love, and are disconsolated on losing it
- two-factor theory of emotion
- arousal x label = emotion
- companion love
- the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined
- equity
- a condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it; needn't always be equal outcomes
- self-disclosure
- revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
- disclosure reciprocity
- the tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner