Cognition
Terms
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- Memory
- Our capacity to register, store and recover info over time
- Cognition
- All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering info
- Info Processing Model
- Information is inputted, it is first encoded, stored, and then retrieved
- Filter Theory
- Unimportant info is dropped and relevant info is encoded
- Levels of Processing Model
- How long/well we remember info depends on how deeply we process the info when it is encoded
- Shallow Processing
- Structural encoding of superficial sensory info
- Semantic Coding
- Emphasizes meaning of verbal input
- Deep Processing
- Attaching meaning to info and creating associations of elaboration
- Elaboration
- Creating associations between the new memory and the old
- Self-referent Encoding
- To relate new info to oneself
- Sensory Memory
- Info stored long enough just to be perceived
- Iconic Memory
- Represents visual stimulus that lasts for less than a second
- Echoic Memory
- Lasts about 4 sec. Just long enough to hear a flow of info
- Selective Attention
- Focusing of awareness on a specific stimulus in sensory memory
- Automatic Processing
- Unconscious encoding of info about space, time, and frequency
- Parallel Processing
- A natural mode of info processing that involves several info streams simultaneously
- Effortful Processing
- Encoding that requires our attention and conscious effort
- Short-term memory
- STM; can hold a limited amount of info for about 30 sec. Unless processed further
- Chunking
- Grouping info into meaningful units
- Working Memory Model
- Phonological loop briefly stores info about lang. Sounds with an acoustic code from sensory memory and rehearsal func.
- Long-Term Memory
- Relatively permanent and practically unlimited capacity memory system
- Explicit Memory
- AKA declarative memory; Facts and experiences we consciously know
- Semantic Memory
- Facts and general knowledge
- Episodic Memory
- Personally experienced events
- Implicit Memory
- AKA nondeclarative memory; Skills and procedures to do things
- Procedural Memory
- Motor/cognitive skills, classical/operant conditioning effects
- Hierarchies
- Systems in which concepts are arranged from more general to more specific
- Concepts
- Mental representations of related things
- Prototypes
- Typical examples of the concept
- Semantic Networks
- Irregular and distorted systems than strict hierarchies
- Schemas
- Preexisting mental frameworks
- Script
- Schema for an event
- Connectionism Theory
- Memory is stored throughout the brain in connections between neurons
- Long-Term Potentiation
- AKA LTP; Strengthening of neural connections at synapses
- Flashbulb Memory
- A vivid memory of an emotionally arousing event
- Thalamus
- Involves the encoding sensory memory into short-term memory
- Hippocampus
- Involved in explicit long-term memory
- Anterograde Amnesia
- The inability to put new info into explicit memory
- Retrograde Amnesia
- Involves memory loss for a segment of the past, usually around the time of an accident
- Cerebellum
- Involved in implicit memory of skills
- Retrieval
- Process of getting info out of memory storage
- Recognition
- Identification of learned items when they are presented
- Recall
- Retrieval of previously learned info
- Reconstruction
- Retrieval of memories that can be distorted by adding, dropping, or changing details to fit a schema
- Serial Position effect
- Remembering first stuff, last stuff, forgetting middle stuff
- Retrieval Cues
- Reminders associated with info we are trying to get out of memory
- Priming
- Activating specific associations in memory either consciously or unconsciously
- Distributed Practice
- Spreading out the memorization of info or the learning of skills over time
- Massed Practice
- Cramming the memorization of info or learning skills into one session
- Mnemonic Devices
- Memory tricks when encoding info
- Method of Loci
- Using association of words on a list with visualization of places on a familiar path
- Peg word mnemonic
- Memorizing a scheme
- Context-dependent memory
- Recalling info in the same environment it was encoded in
- Mood Congruence
- Remember happy things when happy, remember bad things when unhappy
- State-dependent
- Things we learn in one internal state are more easily recalled when in the same state again
- Relearning
- Measure of retention of memory that assess the time saved compared to learning the first time
- Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
- Knowing something, but not being able to pull it out of memory
- Interference
- Learning similar items may prevent the retrieval of others
- Proactive Interference
- Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info