archaeology final

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

eoanthropus: 'piltdown man' found in britain, was a hoax, human cranium and orang jaw
when did hominid brains achieve modern size? when did bipedalism occur?: 780,000 ya modern brain
4 mil ya for bipedalism
foramen magnum: hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord comes into the brain, it is underneath the skull in humans, toward the back in apes. (indicates bipedalism)
australopithecus africanus: fossil found in 1925 in Taung by raymond dart, it had foramen magnum underneath the skull like modern humans. not an intermediary, was a hominid.
ardipithecus ramidus: 'ground ape' accepted species, 4.4mya
controversial species: sahelanthropus tchadensis 7-6mya
orrorin tugenensis 6.2-5.6mya
ardipithecus ramidus kadabba 5.8-5.2mya
models for the emergence of bipedalism: 1. carrying (transporting food to safer locations/carrying infants)
2. vigilance (easier locating of food and danger)
3. heat dissipation (smaller target to direct sunlight)
4. energy efficiency (uses less energy walking on 2 feet than on all limbs)
5. foraging/harvesting (higher reach)
6. display (seeming larger, more threatening/impressive)
lower paleolithic / early stone age: 2.5mya in africa to 250,000ya in Old World.
Oldowan tools indicative of lower paloelithic; pebble tools, core tools and flake tools
emergence of Homo
H. Habilis: found by leakeys in 1961 'handy man'
had increased brain size, cranial cap. 680ml (from 480 on australopithecus and paranthropus), was fully bipedal, toolmaker, omnivorous, flatter face without sag. crest and had a rounded brain case.
2.3-1.6mya
Homo Erectus: 1.8mya-250kya
post cranial robustness, long low cranium, heavy brow ridge, less prognathic face, sharply angled occipital bone(rear portion of skulls) with a pronounced torus (bony ridge at back of skull) sagittal keel, cranial cap. 1100ml
found in Java- 'java man' by dubois
china (zhoukoudian) 'peking man'
also found in africa and around mediterranean
Homo Ergaster: from 1.8mya
eastern africa (kenya specifically), thinner and higher profile, smaller facial bones, similar to h. erectus
pleistocene: geological time period, 1.6mya-10,000ya, characterized by a series of glacial advances and retreats
erectus vs habilis: erectus had larger body size, larger brain, advanced muscle attachments (stronger), more modern face and nose, smaller teeth
Homo behaviour innovations: tool manufacture + use
controlled use of fire (maybe as early as 1.6mya)
cooperative hunting
Acheulian tool tradition: done by H. erectus
bifacially flaked hand axes, much more refined than oldowan
controlled use of fire: possibly
1.6mya - koobi fora, kenya
750kya - l'escale, france
500kya - zhoukoudian, china
homo hunting (erectus): chasing/driving animals into swampy/boggy traps, maybe using fire.
mousterian technique: used by neanderthals in europe and north africa, sharpened flakes. in the mid paleolithic
anatomically near modern/modern species: homo sapiens, as early as 300,000ya. no prognathism, no heavy browridge, globular skull, high forehead, smaller face, chin, less robust
neanderthal burial and death: la ferassie, france. animal bones/pollen found with buried, possibly ritual or could be coincidental.
advantages of modern humans: greater int, increased communication, better hunting abilities, technology.
recent african origin (RAO) model (or replacement model): homo sapiens evolved in africa and then spread throughout and replaced the archaic homos because of better adaptation
requires: anatomical def. of modernity (clearly different than premodern species)
requires genetic distinction from premodern species
requires transitional forms appearing only where modern humans evolved
multi regional evolution (MRE): single species that evolved in africa as far back as 2mya, geographically separate, gene flow and population migration and regional differences in gene frequencies. did not replace other homos
requires: no biologically meaningful definition of modernity, populations with transitional traits found in many locations, regional continuity of traits.
cultural evidence for models (MRE/RAO): oldest blade tools in kenya, lake baringo 240,000ya, other sites in africa with more sophisticated toolmaking that appeared earlier than in europe or asia. but, stone tools of neanderthals in europe and asia are not very diff from tools of africa. difficult to say
upper paleolithic manufacturing/culture: blade technology, use of bone and ivory and antler tools, broadening subsistence base, non-utilitarian objects, larger and more permanent settlements, greater social integration, burial practices and production of art
dates upper paleolithic (europe) late stone age (africa) middle paleolithic (europe) middle stone age (africa): 40-10kya
40-10kya
250-40kya
250-40kya
first peoples to bury their dead?: neanderthals
when did anatomically modern humans first arrive in fossil record?: 200,000ya in africa
motivations for painting cave art of animals etc: hunting magic, trophyism, calendrical recording, religious mysticism
migration to australia: would require use of watercraft,
but longest travel distance only 70km, average 28km (island hopping)
arrival at 60-40kya
oldowan: early homo toolmaking
clovis: the previously assumed first culture to inhabit NA 12kya
bifacially flaked stone edges with flutes on both faces
earliest human occupation in siberia: 40kya
siberian peoples earliest certain crossing of beringian land bridge: 20kya
sites evident of pre clovis: pedra furada 40kya
meadowcroft rockshelter 11k+ya
MV 14-30kya
paisley 5 mile point caves 12300ya
upper paleolithic tool technologies 40k-10kya: chatelperronian - late neanderthals
aurignacian 34-27kya large, laterally retouched blades, more sophisticated than neanderthals
gravettian 27-21kya small, narrow, parralel edged blades
solutrean 21-17kya more pointed, some shouldered points
magdelanian 16-11kya very precise, advanced tool tech
early cave art sites: altamira 14kya, first recognized upper paleolithic art site
niaux 12kya
les trois freres weird animal-human painting
le tuc d'audoubert 15kya, clay bisons
peche merle 25kya, human hand drawings
lascaux 17kya, 2000 paintings
cosquer 27-18kya underwater ent
chavet diverse paintings, had been undisturbed since last ice age - 31kya, oldest art
folsom tradition: smaller, more delicate than clovis, had bifacial fluting
11-10kya
australopithecus anamensis: 4.2-3.8mya
large canines, bipedal
australopithecus afarensis: 3.9-3mya
Lucy/Laetoli fooprints
440ml cc
some sexual dimorphism
prognathism
pointed canines, slight saggital crest
australopithecus bahrelghazalia: 3.5-3mya
australopithecus garhi: 2.5mya
450ml cc
more modern dentition
large molars
potential tooluser/maker (stone tools to break animal bones)
meat eater, bipedal
australopithecus sediba: 2mya
could be descended from africanus
higher cc
similar teeth to homo
bipedal
paranthropus aethiopicus: 2.8-2.2mya
"black skull" example
410ml cc
huge sagittal crest
very robust
prognathism
bipedal
paranthropus robustus: 2.2-1.5mya
520ml cc
heavy jaws
large molars
sexual dimorphism(males had rugged skull and sagittal crest)
heavy tooth wear
paranthropus boisei: 2.2-1mya
heavy jaws
515ml cc
large molars + sagittal crest
similar to robustus
paranthropus species: 2.8-1mya
evolutionary dead end
when did food-producing (agricultural) revolution start (coming from foraging): 12,000ya
types of subsistence strategies: 1. foraging - collecting plants, hunting, fishing
2. horticulture (plant cultivation)
3. pastoralism (animals)
4. agriculture (farming)
hunter/gatherer vs agriculture: hunter/gatherer:
more leisure, better health/nutrition, 3.5hour workday
agriculture:
intensive labour, more complex social system required, increase in diseases
diffusion: geographic movement and sharing of cultural traits/ideas
3 ancient homo species: h. antecessor, 780,000ya, if date is accurate, oldest well accepted fossil humans found in europe (turkana boy, gran dolina, spain). mix of modern (face) and primitive feats(brow ridge), ancestral to heidelbergensis
h. heidelbergensis (500-200kya), brain size 1300ml, steeper forehead, thinner cranial bones, smaller and less prognathic face, reduced brow ridges
h. neanderthalensis (300kya-30kya) mostly in europe, robust, very muscular, near modern cranial cap., distinct leg bones
theories for agriculture: 1. early evolutionary ideas (planting food for kept animals)
2. environmental/ecological theories - child's oasis theory: people drawn to oases in deserts or braidwood's readiness model, product of cultural factors (both symbiotic relationship between plants + humans + animals)
3. pop. pressure and cultural ecology - population is too large to be supported by foraging, requires agriculture, strained resources from foraging also.
4. social theories - different bands specializing in certain crops and trading, or the feasting model
5. co evolutionary theories - dump heap, certain plants attracted to disturbed soils (people began tilling), or plants depending on humans for seed dispersal and humans on plants for food.
domestication of plants and animals dates: dogs- among earlier, 17-13kya in russia, 10-9kya in N.A. (size reduction, shortened snout)
horses - botai culture, 3500bc (bit wear, travel, combat)
sheep/goat - 10kya in mid east (smaller horns, wider dispersion)
plants - 10kya, geographic dispersion from humans moving, terminal clusters, seed coat becomes thinner and easier to remove, phytoliths (microscopic evidence)
maize - 9kya (used to be teosinte)
squash, mexico 10kya
how to ID domestication: animals: size selection, geographic distribution, population characteristics (old/young and females/males), osteological changes (loss of horns, muscle lost for fat in pigs, smaller teeth, etc)
foraging (features): 1. small, highly mobile groups
2. moving to resource patches
3. utilize naturally occurring food
4. storage/surpluses are rare
5. weak expression of private ownership
6. division of labour often based on age and gender
7. gathering often makes greater contribution than hunting
8. great deal of leisure time
horticulture features (growing of plants in absence of irrigation, fertilization and the plough): 1. higher food yields than foragers
2. higher pop density
3. decreased mobility
4. semi sedentary villages
5. some social stratification
6. emergence of part time craft specialists
7.
pastoralism features: 1. found in areas lacking arable land
2. relatively nomadic
3. small communities of related families
4. vulnerable to famine and food shortages bc of disease and draught on herd animals
agriculture features: 1. high degree of craft spec.
2. complex forms of political organization
3. large differences in wealth and power
4. most labour intensive
5. most prone to food shortages/famine
6. farmers often plant crops for highest yield + risks drought, pests, disease
Levant agriculture: barely and wheat 20kya
the natufian culture (13-9.8kya) - wild cereal crops: wheat, barley, lentils, chick peas. also mortar and pestle and food storage pits. tiny very sharp stone blades used as sickles to harvest wild grains.
karim shahir 10.6kya, many young sheep bones - tending/domestication
first domesticated plants: 11kya - natufians and karim shahirians
east asia agriculture: non nok tha (thailand) 6kya fully agricultural
animal destication possible 10kya at zengpiyan cave(china)
peiligang - earliest neolithic culture in north china, farming villages 8.5kya
first fully agricultural people in china: lung-shan 6kya
nonfood crop domestication: cotton in south america 5kya
squash domestication in na: 4500ya
date for domesticated maize in SA and date for it in NA: SA 7kya

NA 1800ya (wasn't relied heavily upon until only 1kya)
requirements for a culture to be categorized as a civilization: 1. food and labor surplus (controlled by an elite)
2. social stratification
3. formal government
4. specialized labour
5. monumental public works
6. densely populated settlements
7. record keeping system
tribe: egalitarian group of people, no central ruler but individs. may obtain prestige and authority through achievement
chiefdom: more complex sociopolitically than tribes, but less than the state
state: rigidly stratified social levels in class society, ruling class controls by force and coercion
reason recordkeeping is necessary for civ: keep track of citizen wealth, age, military service, food production etc
reasons for agriculture: marxism - animal domestication allowed food surplus, those who had animals had more, brought about merchants and power protection
hydraulic - need to control water, and so a higher authority put in place
jericho (modern day isreal): 9000ya, lots of trading, high walls around city - proto civilization
catalhoyuk (turkey): 9000ya, mudbrick houses, trade (proto civ)
ur: great ziggurat 4000ya, royal tombs, in mesopotamia
ubaid culture: 6300ya in mesopotamia (ur, uruk etc) temples
first true city: uruk 5800ya - 617 acres, ziggurat
narmer: first pharaoh of egypt, united villages up and down the nile 5100ya
china civ: shang dynasty(1500-1000bc)
ruins of yin (modern anyang) east asias earliest civ.
first emperor - shihuangdi, supported by military
largets tomb ever built
sumerians: 3100-2334bc
cuneiform
olmec (mesoamerica culture): 1300bc
san lorenzo
maya: pre classic 1800bc - 250ad
nakbe (guat) 1000bc, height at 300 bc, then el mirador rose
classic period ad250-900
socially stratified
urban centres
monuments (tikal - bunch of temples)
writing, calendar, ball games, chocolate
maya writing calendar: pictographs (800 diff signs)

from 1st c bc, very precise, 20 months
inca: macchu pichu (andes)
incas were very militaristic to expand empire, built many roads

they had the quipu - system of knotted strings, emperors mummified
(also were moche people in peru, but they were more coastal, incans inland/mountains)
egypt dynasties: predynastic 5000-3100bc
simple farming communities, unification of upper and lower egypt in 3100bc
dynastic egypt 3100-30bc
old kingdom(2575-2134bc)
mid kingdom (2040-1640 bc)
new kingdom (1530 - 1075bc) - tutankhamen
north american civ: cahokia - settled 600ad, mound building
biggest city in NA until 1800

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 86

Created By mhenry