world history chapter 13
Terms
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- Chavin
- a culture that developed in the highlands of Peru and along its coast; existed at the same time as the Olmec; created ceramics
- Mount Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro
- two isolated mountain peaks on the eastern part of the African plateau that just thousands of feet above it
- Swahili
- a unique African culture that developed on the East African coast; spoke a Bantu language with Arabic and Persian influences; not an ethnic group, but were bound together by trade and language
- Mali
- the successor kingdom to Ghana that came to power in the same region; reached its peak under Mansa Musa; Timbuktu became an important education center; maintained control over trade routes until the 1400s
- Hopewell
- a culture of the Eastern Woodlands that settled in the Ohio Valley between 300-200 BC; left earthen burial mounds, had highly developed artistic skills
- Cuzco
- the capital city of the Inca
- Sub-Saharan Africa
- the vast portion of the continent south of the Sahara
- quipu
- a kind of knotted string used to assist the memory; used by the Inca to keep records
- Mansa Musa
- Mali ruler who reigned in the early 1300s; made a pilgrimage to Mecca with 80,000 others; supported education/the arts; made Timbuktu an important learning center with a large university
- Amazon River
- river system that flows about 4000 miles from the Andes and empties into the Atlantic
- East Africa and Indonesia
- places where Africa was believed to have contact with due to the similarities in xylophones from all three places
- tepees
- cone-shaped tents made of buffalo hide where people of the Great Plains lived
- Ibn Battuta
- a famous Muslim traveler of the 1300s who described Kilwas as one of the most beautiful and well-constructed towns in the world
- Great Rift Valley
- most remarkable geographic feature of Sub-Saharan Africa; formed thousands of years ago when part of the plateau sank because of movements of Earth's crust; many long narrow lakes lie in it
- Lake Texcoco
- lake where the pair of islands was located on which the Aztec built their civilization
- Quechua
- the spoken language of the Inca that is still used today in countries of Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina
- linguists
- scholars who study languages
- Napata
- Kush capital, a city upstream from Kerma; sacked by Assyrians in 592 BC
- Aksum
- a kingdom situated in the Ethiopian Highlands south of Kush, center of many trade routes; power increased as Kush declined; King Ezana finally defeated the Kush and converted to Christianity; controlled the African side of the Red Sea trade
- Sahara
- an enormous desert below the northern coast of Africa that covers more than 1/4th of the continent
- Maya
- most advanced culture of the Americas; occupied most of the Yucatan Peninsula; skilled architects and engineers who built many pyramids; developed the only complete writing system in the Americas using hieroglyphs; efficient farmers; complex religion, most important god was the Rain God; studied astronomy and developed a counting system; a mysterious catastrophe struck the civilization in AD 900 and the population sharply declined
- Drakensberg Mountains
- an important highland region in the southeast, mountains
- Sunni Ali
- the founder of the Songhay kingdom; captured Timbuktu in 1468; an excellent soldier and leader; established a government to ensure tighter control; divided the kingdom into provinces; built a fleet of warships
- Great Zimbabwe
- the largest and most powerful of the Shona fortresses, became the center of the Shona state; 60 acres, a hilltop fortification with many rooms
- Timbuktu
- a Mali city that became an important center of learning with a university that attracted scholars from Egypt and Arabia
- Bantu
- a family of closely related languages in many parts of Africa that spread
- Gabon
- country where Bantu-speaking people settled in when they began to migrate eastward and southward
- Ghana, Mali, and Songhay
- group of West African kingdoms between Lake Chad and the Atlantic Ocean
- Shona
- people who immigrated onto the plateau of land of what is today Zimbabwe and asserted control over local peoples and mining activities, built fortresses, and attained great power
- Olmec
- earliest Mexican culture; flourished for 8 centuries starting in 1200 BC; made eight giant stone heads; highly sophisticated society; had a large class of farmers and a small powerful elite class
- Nigeria-Cameroon border
- an original "cradle land" of the Bantu language
- Kush
- kingdom that traces its roots to the city of Kerma, a trading center of southern Nubia; had a capital at Napata; weakened by an Assyrian invasion; built many pyramids and temples
- Andes
- South American name for the Rocky Mountains
- Al-Bakri
- Muslim historian who wrote about "trial by wood" in West African civilizations
- adobe
- sun-dried brick used by Pueblo people to make multi-storied houses
- matrilineal
- describes a society in which people trace their ancestors and inherit property through their mothers rather than their fathers
- Atlas Mountains
- an important highland region in the northwest, mountains
- King Ezana
- an Askum king who defeated Kush in AD 330; converted to Christianity during his reign
- Kerma
- a trading center of southern Nubia that emerged about 1800 BC
- Ghana
- the earliest of the West African kingdoms, traces its origin to Kumbi, a long-established trading village in modern Mauritania; short lived prosperity; Berber tribes invaded and the kingdom never recovered
- Aztec
- group from the north that invaded central Mexico; were first wandering warriors; built their capital city at Tenochtitlan; increased their power until they dominated central Mexico; built causeways, pyramids, marketplaces, and palaces; adopted many customs from other cultures; used chinamapas for farming; militaristic society; known for human sacrifice and dedication to the sun god; ended when conquered by Spanish explorers in the 1500s
- Quetzalcoatl
- a Toltec god, represented by a feathered serpent; the Toltec spread their worship of him
- oral traditions
- poems, songs, or stories passed down by word of mouth from one generation to another
- chinampas
- raised fields formed from mud scooped up from the bottoms of shallow lakes; gave the Aztecs huge crop yields and are still used today
- Pueblo
- people who created a well-developed culture in the southwestern US; farmers who lived in permanent settlements and had houses made of adobe
- Lake Chad
- lake where many basins are formed around in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Bering Strait
- what people crossed when migrating to the Americas (modern name); land bridge
- lexicostatistics
- a technique used by linguists involving using computers and math to compare the roots of words and common vocabulary; helped solve the mystery of how Bantu, a family of closely related African languages, spread
- Berbers
- tribe that invaded Ghana, starting a holy war
- Great Plains
- a region between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River where tribal peoples lived by hunting buffalo and living in tepees
- Ethiopian Plateau
- an important highland region in the northeast
- savannas
- relatively dry grasslands south of the Sahel, dotted with a few trees and bushes
- Kalahari and Namib
- two other deserts that cover part of Southern Africa
- Tula
- the capital city of the Toltec; when it was destroyed, the civilization ended
- Mississippi River
- river system in North America; drains much of the continent and provides a transportation route
- Yucatan Peninsula
- area occupied primarily by the Mayan civilization
- Kumbi (Saleh)
- a long-established trading village situated in the southeasten part of modern Mauritania; where the kingdom of Ghana originated
- the Sahel
- a region that makes up the southern edge of the Sahara, where sparse and unpredictable rainfall results in severe droughts
- jungle
- a thick growth of plants found in a tropical rain forest wherever sunlight penetrates the dense umbrella of tall trees and reaches the forest floor
- Monte Verde
- a site in Chile that suggests that people who crossed the land bridge may have done so earlier than scientists had once thought
- Songhay
- the third kingdom of West Africa; centered around the trading city of Gao; a larger kingdom than Mali was; thrived until the Moroccans invaded in 1591
- Tenochtitlan
- the capital city of the Aztec; may have had as many as 250,000 inhabitants during the 1400s
- Gao
- capital city of the Songhay kingdom
- Askia the Great
- the successor of Sunni Ali; policies caused Songhay to thrive
- Rocky Mountains
- jagged mountains that curve near the western coast of the Americas; they extend through Mexico and into South America
- Inca
- existed at the same time as the Aztec in the Andes Mountains of South America; based their religion on worship of the Sun; extended along most of the west coast of South America and far into the Andes; had a capital city of Cuzco; emperor ruled as an autocrat; sought to eliminate regional diversity when conquering new lands; established an educational system and a spoken language of a Quechua; kept records using the quipu system; conquered by the Spaniards in the 1500s
- Pacific Coast
- region where many tribes lived with economies based on fishing; they were expert woodworkers and weavers and crafted totem poles
- Eastern Woodlands
- region that stretches from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Atlantic to Mississippi; location of one of America's more sophisticated cultures
- Toltec
- a people who invaded central Mexico and were ruled by a military class; had a capital city of Tula; influenced the Maya; introduced the working of gold and silver; spread the worship of their god Quetzalcoatl; destroyed in the AD 1100s
- Great Serpent Mound
- the largest Hopewell burial mound; about 1300 feet long; located in Ohio
- tropical rain forests
- vast forests that receive more than 100 inches of rain each year, located in western and central Africa south of the savanna
- Nubia
- an area along the Nile River, south of the major centers of ancient Egypt; thrived as an important area of trade; where the Kush kingdom arose
- Mogadishu, Pate, and Malindi
- earliest of the East African city states that lay in the north
- Kilwa
- the most famous city-state of East Africa that became one of the leading ports along the African coast by the1100s
- Niger, Congo, Zambezi
- important rivers in Sub-Saharan Africa that are only navigable for short distances because of rapids
- Meroe
- the new capital of Kush after the sack of Napata; one of the earliest centers of ironworking in the ancient world
- Malagasy
- the language which is spoken on the island of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa and has many words in common with languages spoken on the islands of Indonesia