Chapters 19-22
Terms
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- ecology
- the study of the relationship betwenn organisms and their enviornment
- endoparasite
- a parasite that lives inside the host's body
- emigration
- the movement of individuals out of a population
- hunter-gatherer lifestyle
- a nomadic way of life in which food is found by hunting animals and gathering uncultivated plants, fruits, and shellfish
- ectoparasite
- a parasite that lives on a host but does not enter the host's body
- inbreeding
- Mating with relatives.
- parasite
- (noun) an organism that lives in or on another and from which it obtains nourishment; one who takes advantage of others without making any useful return
- developing countries
- A country that is poorly developed, with citizens whos main income is agriculture. "low income nations"
- photic zone
- the layer of the ocean that receives light
- competitive exclusion
- the local extinction of a species due to competition
- mutualism
- a form of symbiosis in which both organsims benefit from living together
- primary succession
- the process of sequential replacement of populations in an area that has not previously supported life
- tolerance curve
- a graph of an organsim's tolerance to a range of an environmental variable
- conformers
- an organism that does not regulate its internal environment
- character displacement
- evolution of anatomical differences that reduce competition between similar species
- secondary compound
- a poisonous, irritating, or bad-tasting substance synthesized by plants as a defense mechanism
- agricultural revolution
- period of history when early humans discovered how to domesticate animals and cultivate certain plants for food
- population density
- the number of individuals in a population in a given area at a specific time
- population
- all the members of a species that live in the same aea and make up a breeding group
- migration
- When organisms move from one habitat to another to find food or shelter.
- density-independent factor
- a variable that affects a population size regardless of population density
- parasitism
- a species interaction that resembles predation in that one individual is harmed while the other individual benefits
- death/mortality rate
- the number of deaths occuring in a period of time
- plankton
- the abundant small plant and animal organisms that drift or swim weakly near the surface of a body of water
- habitat
- the physical area in which an organism lives
- pollinator
- an animal that carries pollen, such as insects, birds, or bats
- biotic factors
- a living component of an ecosystem
- ecosystem
- All the biotic and abiotic organisms in an environment
- growth rate
- the amount by which a population's size changes in a given time
- dispersion
- The spatial distribution of individuals within the population.
- abiotic factor
- all the non living things in an ecosystem
- dormancy
- A state of decrease metabolism.
- carrying capacity
- The number of individuals of a species the environment can support over a long period of time.
- migration
- a strategy of moving to another, more favorable habitat
- species-area effect
- a pattern of species distribution in which larger areas conatain more species than smaller areas do
- benthic zone
- the ocean bottom
- mimicry
- a defense in which one organism resembles another that is dangerous or poisonous
- endoparasite
- a parasite that lives inside the host's body
- niche
- the way of life of a species
- exponential model
- describes a population that increases rapidly after only a few generations
- prey
- an individual that is captured, killed, and consumed by another individual
- secondary succession
- the sequential replacement of populations in a disrupted habitat
- pioneer species
- the first species to colonize a new habitat
- community
- all the populations that live in the same habitat and interact with each other
- biosphere
- the area on and around Earth where life exists
- predator
- any animal that lives by preying on other animals
- age structure
- The disturbution of individuals among different ages in a population.
- exponential model
- a model of population growth describing a population that increases rapidly after only a few generations
- pioneer species
- first species to populate an area/colonize a habitat
- biotic factor
- all the living things in an ecosystem
- mimicry
- a defense in which one organism resembles another that is dangerous or poisonous
- dormancy
- a state of decreased metabolism
- greenhouse effect
- warming of the Earth due to the insulating effect of gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor
- birth rate
- the number of births occurring in a period of time
- host
- organism that supports parasite
- conformer
- An organism that does not regulate it's internal enviornment
- symbiosis
- the relationship between different species living in close association with one another
- intertidal zone
- an area along ocean shorelines that is repeatedly covered and uncovered by ocean tides
- habitat
- the physical area in which an organism lives
- secondary succession
- the sequential replacement of populations in a disrupted habitat
- stability
- indicates its resistance to change
- age structure
- the distribution of individuals among different ages in a population
- species-area-effect
- a pattern of species distribution in which larger areas contain more species than smaller areas do
- hunter-gatherer lifestyle
- a nomadic way of life in which food is found by hunting animals and gathering uncultivated plants, fruits, and shellfish
- realized niche
- the range of resources and conditions a species actually uses or can tolerate at optimal efficiency
- growth rate
- The amoud by which the population's sized changes in a given time.
- tolerance curve
- a graph of an organism's tolerance to a range of an environmental variable
- exponential growth
- A model of population growth in which the birth and death rates are constant
- life expectancy
- How long on average an individual is expected to live.
- climax community
- a stable end point after a predictable series of stages
- predator
- an individual that captures, kills, and consumes another individual
- fundamental niche
- The range of conditions that a species can potientially tolerated and range of resources that it can potientially use.
- specialist
- a species with a narrow niche that can tolerate a narrow range of conditions and can use only a few specific resources
- ecology
- the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment
- competitive exclusion
- local extinction of one species due to competition
- oceanic zone
- one of two subareas of the pelagic zone
- acclimation
- the process of an organism's adjustment to an abiotic factor
- symbiosis
- the relationship between different species living in close assoiation with one another
- secondary compound
- a poisonous, irritating, or bad-tasting substance synthesized by plants as a defense mechanism
- regulator
- an organism that uses energy to control its internal environment
- species richness
- the total number of different species in the community
- fundamental niche
- the full range of conditions that a species can tolerate and resources it can use
- density-dependent factor
- a variable related to the density of a population that affects a population size
- specialists
- a species with a narrow niche that can tolerate a narrow range of conditions and can use only a few specific resources
- immigration
- the movement of individuals into a population
- succession
- the predictable, sequential replacement of populations in an ecosystem
- pollinator
- an animal that carries pollen, such as insects, birds, or bats
- commensalism
- a relationship between organsims in which one organism benefits from the relationship, while the other neither benefits from nor is harmed by the relationshiop (smiley face & normal face)
- generalist
- a species with a broad niche that can tolerate a wide range of conditions and can use a variety of resources
- resource partitioning
- among similar species, a pattern of resources in which species reduce their use of shared resources
- realized niche
- the range of resources and conditions a species actually uses or can tolerate at optimal efficiency; smaller than fundamental niche
- density-dependent factor
- a variable related to the density of a population that affects population size
- parasite
- an organism that obtains its nutrition at the expense of another
- niche
- the way of life of a species
- resource partitioning
- among similar species, a pattern of resource use in which species reduce their use of shared resources
- death/mortality rate
- the number of deaths occuring in a period of time
- competition
- results from a fundamental niche overlap - the use of the same limited resource by two or more species
- density-independent factor
- a variable that affects populations size regardless of population density
- competition
- the use of the same limited resource by two or more species
- parasitism
- a symbiotic relationship whereby one organism/species benefits from the relationship and the other organism is harmed
- generalists
- a species with a broad niche that can tolerate a wide range of conditions and can use a variety of resources
- herbivore
- a consumer that eats primary producers
- host
- an organism that supports a parasite
- climax community
- the traditional description of succession is that the community proceeds through a predictable series of stages until it reaches a stable end point...
- logistic growth
- a model of population growth in which birth and death rates vary with population size and are equal at the carryng capacity
- dispersion
- the spactial distribution of individuals in a population
- population
- all the members of a species that live in the same area and make up a breeding group
- species diversity
- an index combining the number and relative abundance of different species in a community
- limiting factor
- biotic or abiotic factor that restrains the growth of a population
- species richness
- the number of different species in a community
- developed countries
- generally industrialized nations with low birth rates, high rates of education and health care, and containing about 20 percent of the world's population
- resources
- the energy and materials the species needs
- herbivore
- a consumer that eats primary producers
- community
- all the populations in one area
- succession
- the gradual sequential regrowth of species in an area
- population density
- the number of individuals in a population in a given area at a specific time
- agricultural revolution
- dramatic change in lifestyle
- stability
- indicates resistance to change
- limiting factor
- biotic or abiotic factor that restrains the growth of a population
- exponential growth
- a model of population growth in which the birth and death rates are constant
- developed countries
- includes all the world's modern, industrailized countries, such as the United States, Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Russia
- survivorship curve
- the graph of a species' mortality-rate data
- ecosystem
- all the biotic and abiotic components of an environment
- resource
- The energy and materials a species needs
- logistic growth
- A model of population growth in which birth and death rates vary with population size and are equal at the carrying capacity.
- character displacement
- evolution of anatomical differences that reduce competition between similar species
- abiotic factors
- any nonliving component of an ecosystem
- primary succession
- the process of sequential replecement of populations in an area that has not previously supported life
- estuary
- an aquatic biome found where freshwater streams and rivers flow into the sea; where the tides meet a river current
- logistic model
- population growth building on the exponential model but accounts for the influence of limiting factors
- regulators
- an organism that uses engergy to control its internal environment
- acclimation
- The process of an organisms adjustment to an abiotic factor.
- life expectancy
- how long, on average, an individual is expected to live
- greenhouse effect
- warming of the Earth due to the insulating effect of gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor
- mutualism
- A symbiotic relationship in witch both organisms benefit from living together
- commensalism
- an ecological relationship in which one organism benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed
- survivorship curve
- the graph of a species' mortality-rate data
- developing countries
- includes most countries in Asia and all of the countries in Central America, South America, and Africa
- biosphere
- the area on and around Earth where life exists
- neritic zone
- the ocean subarea over teh continential shelf
- inbreeding
- mating with relatives
- birth rate
- The number of births occurring in a period of time.
- aphotic zone
- the ocean layer that receives no light
- carrying capacity
- the number of individuals of a species that an ecosystem is capable of supporting
- logistic model
- a population model in which exponential growth is limited by a density-dependent factor.
- ectoparasite
- a parasite that lives on a host but does not enter the host's body
- prey
- animal hunted or caught for food
- emigration
- movement of individuals out of a population
- immigration
- The movement of individuals into a population.
- species diversity
- an index that relates to the number of species in the community to the relative abundance of each species