PSS 10; soils; test 2
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- What are the functions of soil?
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-anchor roots
-aeration of roots
-supply mineral nutrients
-supply moisture
-maintain pH suitable for plant growth - What are different types of soil?
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-organic
-inorganic - What are 9 traits of organic soil?
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-unstable and breaks down over time
-must consist of 20% organic matter
-peat, bark, compost, or manure added for improvement
-good water holding capacity
-good aeration
-permeable to water
-good fertility
-reduces erosion - Where does inorganic soil come from?
- -mineral rocks which vary by location
-
List clay, sand, and silt in order from largest to smallest
What is a combination of all three known as? -
-sand
-silt
-clay
+loam - What are aggregates and what causes these?
-
-soil particles that group into clumps
+greezing and thawing
+wetting and drying
+root growth
+earthworms - What forms the "glue" that holds soil particles together?
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-Organic Material
-Clay - What are legumes good for in soil structure?
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-Nitrogen fixing
-makes atmospheric Nitrogen available to the plant
-Some are deep-rooted perennials
-Opens up soil to water and aeration - List 7 traits of large particles such as sand
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-large pores
-little structure
-good aeration
-good infiltration
-poor water holding capacity
-low fertility
-warms quickly in spring - List 6 traits of small particles such as clay and silt.
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-small pores
-low aeration
-slow infiltration
-high water holding capacity
-high fertility
-warms slowly in spring - What are colloids?
- -particles of clay and organic matter suspended in solution which attract and exchange cations
- What is CEC?
- Cation Exchange Capacity=the soil fertilty
- List the CEC from greatest to least of O.M, sand, clay, and silt.
- O.M > Clay > Silt > Sand
- How are nutrients absorbed into plants?
- -as ions
- Are high rainfall soils acidic or basic?
- -acidic
- Are low rainfall soils acidic or basic?
- -basic
- What are some plants that like acidic conditions?
- -ericaceous plants (blueberry, cranberry, azalea, rhododendron)
- What does liming do?
- -raises the pH which makes the soil more basic and is used on acidic soils
- Why should you not lime your lawn after applying fertilizer that cotains ammonium nitrate?
- -ammonium is converted to ammonia gas which can burn foliage
- How can you acidify soil?
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-elemental sulfur (temporary)
-ammonium sulfate (temporary and not recommended) - What causes iron chlorosis in plants?
- -basic soils
- Where do you find intervienal chlorosis?
- -often on acid-loving plants like roses, fruit trees, azaleas, and rhododendrons.
- What are the 16 elements required for plant growth?
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C HOPKINS CaFe Mg B Mn Cu Zn Mo Cl
"C. Hopkins Cafe Managed By Min's Cousins Mo and Cleo" - Where do plants get C, H, and O from?
- -atmosphere and water
- What are the macronutrients?
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-N, P, K most often deficient in soils
-S, Ca, Mg - What are the micronutrients?
- -Fe, B, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cl
- What are some organic fertilizers?
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-manure
-fishmeal
-seaweed
-bloodmeal
-bonemeal
-cottonmeal
-sewage sludge
*these often contain micronutrients - What are some inorganic fertilizers?
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-ammonium nitrate
-superphosphate
-muriate of potash
*often pure without micronutrients
*often concentrated so cheaper to transport and apply - What is often the most limiting nutrient in soil?
- -Nitrogen
- How can excess Nitrogen affect plants?
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-reduced flowering
-reduced fruiting
-greater vegetative growth - What are the fertilizer analysis latters and what do they stand for??
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NPK
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium - When are fertizers considered high or low analysis?
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-high > 30%
-low <=30%