Test 2 Sociology
Terms
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- Socialization
- Process through which children develope an awareness of social norms and values and acheive a distinct sense of self.
- Social Self
- Basis of self-conciousness in individuals, becoming aware of this social identity.
- Self-Consciousness
- Awarness of ones distinct social identity, as a person seperate from others. Humans are not born with this, language is important in a child learning this.
- Generalized Other
- General values and moral rules of the culture in which they are developing.
- Agencies of socialization
- groups in which significant processes of socialization occur, ex: family, peer groups, work place
- Social Roles
- Socially defined expectations that a person in a given social position follows
- Social Identity
- Characteristics that other people attribute to an individual ex: student, mother, lawyer, homeless, things that make us the "same" as others
- Self Identity
- we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us. Things that make us "different"
- Civil Inattention
- not ignoring one anathor, recognition of presence, avoid being intrusive
- Ethnomethidology
- Methods people use to make sense of what others do and say
- Master status
- determine overall position in society (most likely gender, or race)
- Deviance
- noncomformity to a given set of norms
- Sanction
- reaction from others to the behavior of an individual or group that is meant to ensure that they comply with a given norm
- Formal Sanction
- applied by specific body of people or agency
- Informal Sanction
- less organized, more spontaneous
- Family
- An Example of an agency of socialization, the most important when young and very influential throughout life
- George Herbert Mead
- Children learn through example of adults (immitate actions), "taking on the role of another", acquire a sense of self.
- Jean Paget's cognitive developement
- Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages (on seperate flashcards) children select and interpret what they see, each stage needs to be done to go on to the next stage.
- Sensorimotor Stage (Jean Piaget)
- 0-2, infants learn by touching things, learn about environment
- Preoperational Stage (Jean Piaget)
- 2-7, Piaget's main focus, mastery of language, Egocentric(not selfish, just can't see any persepctive but own).
- Concrete Operational Stage (Jean Piaget)
- 7-11, Master abstract, logical notions, math skills, less egocentric
- Formal Operational Stage (Jean Piaget)
- 11-15, Highly abstract and hypothetical ideas, trick quesitons. Not all adults reach this stage.
- Schools
- an example of an agency of socialization.
- I/me
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according to Mead, we learn to distinguish the "me" from the "I",
"I" is unsocialized infant(bundle of wants and needs), "me" is the social self. - Gender Learning
- gender learning by infants is unconscious, male and female infants are treated differently, pg. 102 in book.
- Non-verbal Communication
- the exchange of information and meaning through facial expressions, gestures, and movements of the body. not really "body language".
- Social Interaction
- The process by which we act and react to those around us.
- Harold Garfinkel
- did experiments with students, if someone asked, "have a nice day" the student would respong with something like, "nice in what sense exactly?" or "which part of the day do you mean?"
- Interactional Vandalism
- when a subordinate person breaks the tacit rules of everday interaction. study of black men on the street talking to white women.
- Unfocused interaction
- whenever individuals exhibit mutual awareness of one another's presence, large number of people, communicating nonverbally with gestures.
- Focused interaction
- when individuals directly attend to what others say or do, an "encounter",
- Front region/stage
- social occasions or encounters in which individuals act out formal roles "onstage performances"
- Back region/stage
- where people assemble props and prepare themselves for interaction in the more formal setting, "off camera"
- Regionalization
- how social life is organized in time and space, ex: how houses are divided into different regions in which different types of activity take place
- Impression management
- preparing for the presentation of one's social role.
- Social Constructionism
- Theory that social reality is a creation of the interaction of individuals and groups
- Anomie
- devience is response to imbalance in cultural goals($), institutional means of acheiving them
- Differential association
- Social groups discourage/encourage criminal behavior as acceptable
- Labeling
- certain individuals viewed as deviant, potential troublemakers, that person views them self.
- Durkheim's functionalist views of deviance
- neccesary for a society to function, defense of boundaries, punishment of deviant acts(public awareness)
- Cohen's "delinquent subculture"
- lower class, distinct from middle class, values are different-distinct-alternative, from lower and middle class values
- Innovation
- trying to achieve illegitimately
- White-collar crime
- Crime commited by more affluent members of society
- Objective
- Impartial, non-biased, ex: the dress is red
- Subjective
- biased, prejuduced, individual, more like opinion ex: the dress is pretty