Psychology exam 3
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- What are some physical characteristics of middle childhood?
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The CNS is at adult weight.
The permanent teeth grow in.
There is continued growth in bone and muscle
Girls have a growth spurt at age 10/11. - What percentage of adolescents are diagnosed with mental illness?
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15%
learning disorders
eating disorders
depression - What is a psychoanalytic reason for high risk behavior?
- Insecurity associated with the transition to adulthood.
- Where do early adults get their goals from?
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Identity work
Family
Society - What stage is adolescence according to Piaget?
- Formal Operations
- What identity status has the best relationships?
- Identity Achievement
- What is minor depression called?
- Dysthmia
- What is a cognitive reason for risk taking?
- Adolescents look at things from a narrow perspective of the present.
- What is Piagets 3rd cognitive stage?
- Concrete Operations or Concrete Reasoning.
- What are 3 psychosocial developments in middle childhood?
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School begins
Peer group connections are made
Children learn valuable skills - What test is given in middle childhood to find out if a child is on track developmentally?
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Early Prevention of School Failure.
EPSF - What changes have created this long stage of adolescence in modern times?
- Child labor laws and laws that keep children in school
- What are some features of major depression?
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Sad/hopeless for 1-2 weeks
Sleep and appetite disturbances
Low concentration
Low interest in sex/relationships
Memory problems
Negative thoughts - What is a social learning reason for risk taking?
- The behavior may be learned from adults or peers.
- What identity status has the most distant relationships?
- Identity confusion
- What are 2 eating disorders?
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Anorexia
Bulemia - What is a sociocultural reason for risk taking?
- Adolescents see it in the media - television, movies, magazines.
- What is the psychological purpose of adolescence?
- A time to form identity.
- What identity status has the best work adjustment?
- Identity Achievement
- What percent of adolescents are rebellious?
- 20%
- What is a major characteristics of early adulthood?
- There are no more developmental milestones.
- What are 3 cognitive changes that take place in middle childhood?
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Sense of spatial relations
Categorical thinking improves
Cause and effect become obvious - What 3 things influence a child's success or failure at school?
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Parent involvement-help, encouragement, parent/teacher alliance, rewards
School issues-learning materials, safety, class size
Peers - groups with similar interests - What did Erikson say adolescence is?
- Identity formation
- What identity status has the worst work adjustment?
- Identity confusion
- What are Baumrinds 3 styles of parenting?
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Authoritarian-little warmth, need to control, results in rebellion
Permissive-has warmth, relies on negotiation
Authoritative-discipline varies,has warmth. - In early adulthood, people see their future in terms of ...
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Personal Social Clock or
Future Time Perspective - What is Erikson's idea of middle childhood?
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Industry vs. Inferiority
The self concept is developed - What are the 3 issues that must be resolved to form an identity.
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Sexual orientation
Career direction
World view and values - Name Marcia's 4 Identity Statuses.
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Ident. achievement-crisis,committment
Ident. foreclosure-no crisis,committment
Ident. moratorium-crisis,no committment
Ident. confusion-no crisis,no commitment - What did Freud say about adolescents?
- They are unstable
- What age is high risk behavior most prevalent?
- 16-24
- Adulthood is...
- making life what you want it to be.
- What is a definition for adolescence?
- A bridge from childhood to adolescence.
- Why are there many parent/child conflicts in adolescents according to Freud?
- Because of hormonal changes.
- What is a biological reason for risk taking?
- High MAO levels
- Mentally healthier early adults have this...
- Future plans
- What gains in physical growth and motor development occur during middle childhood?
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Growth is slower than in infant & early childhood
Children grow 1-3" & gain 5-8lbs.
Late in mid. childhood, girls have growth spurt and gain 10lb. per year. - How is school-age children's thinking & moral reasoning different from that of younger children?
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Spatial thinking, Categorization,
Transition inference, Class inclusion,
Inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, conservation, numbers & math - Explain the important influences on children's school achievement
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Type of kindergarten attended
Number of parents in home
Amount on interest, attention, participation in school
Home environment
Socioeconomic status - How do school-age children develop a realistic self-concept?
- They have the cognitive ability to form representational systems. They look at more than 1 dimension of themself. They learn valuable skills for productive work.
- What impact does family structure have on children's development?
- The more stable family members a child grows up with the more emotionally stable the child will be.
- What physical changes do adolescents experience and how do these changes affect them psychologically?
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Breasts, pubic hair, underarm hair, body growth, menarche, increase in sweat and oil glands, growth of testes and scrotal sac, penis and prostrate gland, change in voice.
Early boys-good, Early girls-bad - How does adolescents' thinking differ from that of younger children?
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Adolescents can think abstractly-younger can't.
Adolescents are capable of hypothetical deductive reasoning - younger can't. - What influences success in secondary school, and why do some students drop out?
- Belief in self, parental involvement, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, quality of schooling. Drop out because they are not actively engaged in school.
- How do adolescents form an identity?
- They modify and synthesize earlier identifications into a new psychological structure greater than the sum of its parts. They must solve choice of occupation, sexual identity, adoption of values and world views.
- How common are sexually transmitted diseases and teenage pregnancy, and what are the usual outcomes?
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STD's - 1 out of 4 Americans
Teen Preg - 1 out of 10 girls
STD's:many diseases and sometimes death
Preg:1/2 have abortions, 1/7 miscarry - How typical is adolescent rebellion?
- Fewer than 1 in 5 teenagers are involved in adolescent rebellion.
- Summarize major research findings regarding parent-adolescent relationships
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adolescent less time with parents
parents want adol. to be independent
Parents argue with adolescents
Authoritative parenting works best
2 parents are advantage during adol.
Economic stress in parents - negative. - What is distinctive about adult thought and intelligence?
- Postformal thought. It is applied in social situations and involves the ability to shift between abstract reasoning and practical considerations.
- How do higher education and work affect cognitive development?
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college kids:show better reasoning abilities.
Perry: college kids thinking goes from rigidity to flexibility to freely chosen committments.
complex work-intellectual leisure activities - Does personality change during adulthood, and if so how?
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Costa/McCrae-5 Factor Model-very little
Block-ego-resiliance,ego-control-same
Normative change occurs with crisis. - Name the five factors of Costa and McCrae
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Neuroticism
Extroversion
Openness to Experience
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness - Freuds components of personality
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Superego-conscience
Ego-master control
Id-immediate gratification - What are Vailants four coping styles?
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Mature-use humor, constructive
Immature-physical problems
Psychotic-dillusions, halucinations
Neurotic-depression, anxiety - Neugarten-people grow in ego strength over time
- capacity to hold yourself together under everyday stress
- Erikson about Early Adulthood
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Erikson's model (1950's-60's)about early adulthood.
- Identity formation is basis for intimacy.
- Gilligan's idea about early adulthood (1970's-80's)
- Women may use intimacy to form identity.