sociology chapters 2-4
Terms
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- Freud's word for a persons conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society
- ego
- Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically
- formal operational stage
- impersonal communications aimed at a vast audience
- mass media
- prejudice and discrimination against the elderly
- ageism
- all the statuses a person holds at a given time
- status set
- a social position a person receives at birth or assumes involuntarily later in life
- ascribed status
- the surrounding area which a person makes some claim to privacy
- personal space
- Freud's word for the operation of culture within the individual in the form of internalized values and norms
- superego
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George Herbert Mead's term for that part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness
and self-image - self
- behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
- role
- the process by which people creatively shape reality through sociel interaction
- social construction of reality
- Goffmans term for an individuals efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others
- presentation of self
- the life long social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture
- Socialization
- Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses
- sensorimotor stage
- Charles Horton Cooley's term referring to a self-image based on how we think others see us
- looking-glass self
- the study of the aging and the elderly
- gerontology
- a form of social organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power and prestige
- gerontocracy
- a social position that an individual occupies
- status
- a number of roles attached to a single status
- role set
- communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech
- nonverbal communication
- the assertion that situations defined as real become real in their consequences
- Thomas theorem
- a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling
- personality
- Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols
- preoperational stage
- a social group whose members have interests, social position and age in common
- peer group
- a status that has a special importance for social identity often shaping a person's entire life
- master status
- conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses
- role conflict
- the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings
- ethnomethodolgy
- Freud's word for the human being's basic drives
- id
- Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals first perceive causal connections in their surroundings
- concrete operational stage
- learning that helps a person achieve a desired position
- anticipatory socialization
- a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age
- cohort
- a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff
- total institution
- radically changing an inmate's personality through carefully controlling the environment
- resocialization
- the process by which people act and react in relation to others
- social interaction
- a social position a person assumes voluntarily and that reflects personal ability and choice
- achieved status
- tension among roles connected to a single status
- role strain
- the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
- dramaturgical analysis
- two or more people who identify and interact with one another
- social group
- a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships
- primary group
- a large impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
- secondary group
- group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks
- instrumental leadership
- group leadership that focuses on collective well being
- expressive leadership
- the tendency of group members to conform resulting in a narrow view of some issue
- group think
- a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
- reference group
- a social group commanding a members esteem and loyalty
- ingroup
- a social group toward which one feels competition or opposition
- outgroup
- a social group with two members
- dyad
- a social group with three members
- triad
- a web of weak social ties
- network
- a large secondary group that is organized to achieve its goals efficiently
- formal organization
- sentiments and beliefs about the world passed from generation to generation
- tradition
- deliberate matter of fact calculation of the most efficient means to accomplish a particular task
- rationality
- Max Webber's term for the change from tradition to rationality as the dominant mode of human thought
- rationalization
- an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
- bureacracy
- a range of factors outside the organization that affects its operation
- organizational environment
- a preoccupation with rules and regulations to the point of thwarting an organization's goals
- bureacratic ritualism
- the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves
- bureaucratic inertia
- the rule of the many by the few
- oligarchy
- Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization
- Scientific management