REVOLUTIONS- Cowie v Todd v Brinton
Terms
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- Todd Definition- coup d'etats or putsch
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is a seizure of power by a relatively small group of people, often involving sections of the military
-the aim of this event is to replace one group of rulers with another with fundamental social/economic features left intact
-THIS IS NOT A REVOLUTION - Todd Definition- civil war
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like a coup, it often starts with a political struggle for power between diff groups which want to rule- intense struggle spills into bitter violence of civil war
-like coup, main aim to change a set of political rulers to secure power for themselves
-THIS IS NOT A REVOLUTION - Todd Definition- revolt/rebellion
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can be large-scale, but not normally revolutionary-usually mass social upheavals aim to secure a few specific reforms to imporve conditions
-THIS IS NOT A REVOLUTION - Todd Definition- revolution
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when people attempt to completely transform the social, economic, political and ideological features of their society
-it often occurs when people see the status quo as corrupt and unreformable and want to sweep it away and replace it - According to Todd, when do revolutions occur?
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When situations are beginning to improve rather than when poverty and oppression are most severe
-why reformists more determined to fight for reforms b/c poor conditions UNDERMINES and DEMORALIZES masses = reaction/counterrevolution
-if poverty and oppression were sufficient recipe for rev, human history would be in CONTINUOUS REVOLUTION - Todd- the role of the young in revolutions
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-hope and idealism
-ready to risk their lives for an ideal - Todd- the role of marginalized segments of society, women and poor
- -the more prolonged/deeply rooted the rev, the more they play a role
- Todd- the "Festival of the Oppressed"
- -another name for total revolution- change is possible and imminent
- Todd- revolution is linked to evolution because
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-revolution just speeds up econ/soc/pol evolutionary processes
-if rev goes TOO FAST, then the revolution is doomed to failure ie. ultimate failure of communist revolution in russia/USSR by 1991 - Todd- types of revolutions
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mass mobilizations
-all revolutions generally have this, sometimes led by leaders/parties, other times spontaneous
-cannot transform society without ACTIVE support of key sections of pop
-the role of violence/counter revolution
-most involve violence, but usually counter rev is more violent - Todd- political revolution
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-occurs when new econ and social developments have already begun to transform society and existing political rulers are holding back further changes
-assumes that once political changes have occured, econ/soc will be quick
-KEY is there is NO intention to have a major TRANSFERENCE of wealth and property from 1 group to another
role of economic power/violence:
-those who often want the rev ALREADY HAVE econ power
-consequently, often BLOODLESS ie begin of Fr Rev/1848 Rev - Todd- social revolution
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-aim to transfer econ assets and power, and social/pol status and privileges from one social group to another
-role of violence= MORE VIOLENT elites have MORE AT STAKE
-occur when part econ and social system seen to have stagnated or being incapable of any further progressive development (hence, only a FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE in the social system can help!) - Todd- two main types of revolutions?
- -political and social
- Todd- how many revolutionary STAGES are there?
- 3
- Todd- what is the first stage of revolution?
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-often in direction desired by revolutionaries
-crowds support